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THE ROAD TO VICTORY 



It Lies Through the United 
States' Program for 



WORLD LIBERATION 

Agreed to by Her Allies 



" The Hand of God is laid upon 
the nations. He will show them 
favor, I devoutly believe, only 
if they rise to the clear heights 
of His own justice and mercy, " 

President Wilson. 



Data Presented By 

GEORGE H. SHIBLEY 

Director of the Research Institute of 
Washington, D. C. ; Member of United 
States Supreme Court Bar; Presi- 
dent League for World Federation 



LEAGUE FOR WORLD FEDERATION 

Washington 

1918 



25 Cents. The Most Interesting Book of Today 



THE ROAD TO VICTORY 



It Lies Through the United 
States* Program for 



WORLD LIBERATION 

Agreed to by Her Allies 



"The Hand of God is laid upon the 
nations. He will show them favor, I 
devoutly believe, only if they rise to 
the clear heights of His own justice 
mercy. President Wilson 



Data Presented By 

GEORGE H. SHIBLEY 

Director of the Research Institute of Washington, D. C, 

Member of United States Supreme Court 

Bar; President League for 

World Federation 



LEAGUE FOR WORLD FEDERATION 

WASHINGTON 
1918 



« 



Copyright 1918 

By George H, Shibley 

Authority to republish in foreigri lands is hereby conferred 



FEB ~7 1918 

©Cf.A497008 



^t-^ I 



THE ROAD TO VICTORY 



The withdrawal of Giant Russia 
from the War, followed by the surren- 
der of a section of the Italian army 
and the ensuing disaster in that coun- 
try, along with the massing of the 
troops of the enemy on the western 
lines for a big drive before the United 
States can get many troops into the 
fight, has produced a severe crisis. 
Whence lies the road to victory? 

We, the Allies, must go straight ahead 
under full "steam,'' and at the same 
time examine into these reverses and 
the entire situation and profit dp what 
we find. 

Herewith we outline the development 
of the War Aims of the Allies : 

DEVELOPMENT OF WAR AIMS OF 
THE ALLIES. 

During the second mouth of the war 
the British Premier, Herbert H. As- 
quith, in a speech declared that the 
outcome of the awful conflict should be 
the coming together of the nations of 
Europe in a federation — the Federa- 
tion of Europe. This in order that 
Public Right should prevail — that 
militarism should be ended, and that 
the small as well as the large nations 
should be free to develop their own 
civilization (page 42, below). 

This idea was then developed into 
a suggestion for World Federation. On 
May 27, 1916, President Wilson, with- 
out using these words, declared for the 
idea in substance (page 44, below). 

Then President Wilson suggested 
the plan to the party of which he is 
national leader and it adopted the idea, 
placing it in its national platform (page 
45. below). 



The Republican Presidential nomi- 
nee. Judge Hughes, declared for an 
international organization in order to 
attain lasting peace. (Speech of Ac- 
ceptance). 

Then Premier Asquith, greatly 
pleased that the United States, the 
Colossus of the West, had thus come 
around to the idea of World Organiza- 
tion, declared for World Federation 
(pages 46-47, below). 

In the ensuing election in the United 
States the people continued in office, 
the President and his party, pledged 
to the establishment of peace and jus- 
tice by means of the participation of 
the United States in a World Organi- 
zation. 

Also the ruling few in Prussia and 
the German Empire declared for World 
Organization and lasting peace. 

On December 12, 1916, five weeks 
after the American election, the Ger- 
man autocracy and its allies asked their 
enemy for a conference to consider 
peace terms. 

President Wilson's Inquiry, Dec. 18, 
1917. 

Six days after the issuance of the 
notes by the Central Empires, the 
President of the United States, through 
the Secretary of State, Robert Lansing, 
addressed an identic note to both sets 
of belligerents inviting them to state 
to the world just what they were fight- 
ing for — lohat terms of peace they de- 
manded. "Never yet have the authori- 
tative statesmen of either side," said 
the President, "avowed the precise ob- 
jects which they would, if attained, 
satisfy them and their people. The 
world has been left to conjecture what 



definite results, what actual exchanges 
of guarantees, what political or terri- 
torial changes or adjustments, what 
stage of military success even, would 
bring the war to an end." 

President Wilson also called atten- 
tion to the fact each side had declared 
its readiness "to consider the forma- 
tion of a League of Nations which shall 
assure peace and justice throughout 
the ivorld" 

The Answers by the Belligerents. 

The Central Empires responded 
quickly, but did not declare their war 
aims. Concerning the much-discussed 
League of Nations the answer was that 
the subject would be taken up at the 
close of the war. 

But the Allies came out squarely, as 
follows : 

In the paragraph first devoted to de- 
tails the joint note says : 

"They [the Allies] desire to declare 
their respect for the lofty sentiments 
inspiring the American Note and their 

WHOLE-HEARTED AGREEMENT WITH THE 
PROPOSAL TO CREATE A LEAGUE OF NA- 
TIONS WHICH SHAI.L ASSURE PEACE AND 
JUSTICE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. They 

recognize all the benefits which will 
accrue to the cause of humanity and 
civilization from the institution of in- 
ternational arrangements designed to 
prevent violent conflicts between na- 
tions, and so framed as to provide the 
sanctions necessary to their enforce- 
ment, lest an illusory security should 
serve merely to facilitate fresh acts of 
aggression." 

The Allies' note concludes as follows : 

The Allies' Peace Terms. 

"But President Wilson expressed a 
further wish : he desires the belliger- 
ent Powers to state in the full light of 
day the aims they have set them- 
selves in prosecuting the war. The Al- 
lies experience no difticulty in meeting 
this request. Their aims in this war 
are well known, for they have been 
expressed by the heads of the several 
Governments. These aims can only be 
formulated in detail, with all the just 
compensations and indemnities due for 
the losses suffered, when the moment 



for negotiation arrives. But the civi- 
lized WORLD KNOWS THAT THEY IN- 
CLUDE, PRIMARILY AND OF NECESSITY : 

[1] the restoration of Belgium, of Ser- 
bia, of jNfontenegro, with the compen- 
sations due them; [2] the evacuation 
of the invaded territories in France, 
Russia, and Roumania with fitting 
reparation ; [3] the reorganization of 
Europe, guaranteed by a stable set- 
tlement, based alike upon [a] the prin- 
ciple of nationalities — on the right 
which all peoples, whether small or 
great, have to the enjoyment of full 
security and free economic develop- 
ment, and [b] upon territorial agree- 
ments and international arrangements 
so framed as to guarantee land and sea 
frontiers against unjust attacks;* [4] 
the restitution of provinces or terri- 
tories formerly torn from the Allies 
by force or contrary to the wishes of 
their inha))itants ; [5] the liberation of 
Italians, Slavs, Roumanians, Czechs, 
and vSlovaks from foreign domination ; 
[6] the liberation of the peoples who 
now lie beneath the murderous tyranny 
of the Turks and the expulsion from 
Europe of the Ottoman Empire, which 
has proved itself so radically alien to 
Western civilization. 

"The intentions of His Majesty the 
Emperor of Russia in regard to Po- 
land have been clearly shown in the 
proclamation which he has just ad- 
dressed to his armies. 

"It is hardly necessary to add that, 
while it is the wish of the Allies to 
rescue Europe from the hrutal en- 

* Secret Treaties. The Entente Al- 
lies entered into agreements amongst 
themselves as to war aims. On Sept. 
4, 1914, they agreed that no separate 
treaty should be made. On April 26, 
1915, preparatory to Italy's coming 
into the war, a territorial agreement 
was entered into; also that papal in- 
fluence should not be permitted to 
regulate questions concerning the war. 
On March 9, 1917, France and Russia 
entered into an agreement. These va- 
rious treaties, most of which were se- 
cret, necessarily, have been reviewed 
by the British Government at various 
times ; for example, on Dec. 3, 1917, in 
the House of Commons. Disclosures 
by the Bolsheviki Government in Rus- 
sia are in press dispatches of Nov. 28 
to Dec. 25, 1917. 



croachments of Pi'ussiau Militarism, it 

HAS NEVEft BEEN THEIU INTENTION. AS HAS 
BEEN ALLEGED, TO SEEK THE EXTERiMINA- 
TION OR THE POLITICAL EXTINCTION OF 

THE Germanic peoples. The chief aim 
of the Allies is to assure peace on 
those principles of liberty, justice, and 
inviolable fidelity to international ob- 
ligations, which have never ceased to 
inspire the action of the United States. 

"With this high end in view, the 
Allied Governments are each and all 
determined to put forth all their 
strength and to endure every sacrifice 
in order that they may press to a vic- 
torious close a conflict of which, they 
are convinced, depend not only their 
own safety and prosperity, but the 
very future of civilization." 

This placed before the world an au- 
thoritative statement by the Allies. 
Thus the United States became pos- 
sessed of a definite foundation on which 
to build. 

In brief, the principal war aim of 
the Allies is to help establish "a 
League of Nations which shall as- 
sure peace and justice throughout 
the world." This peace and justice is 
to be attained by means of (1) the res- 
toration of the territory seized by Prus- 
sian Militarism in this war; (2) fitting 
reparation for the injuries inflicted 
upon the Allies; (3) the reorganization 
of Europe upon the two-fold principles 
of nationality and of territorial and 
international agreements ; (4) the res- 
titution of provinces or territories for- 
merly torn from the Allies by force or 
contrary to the wishes of their inhab- 
itants; and (5) the liberation of each 
of the other captive nations of the 
Central Empires. 

Stated more briefly, the program is 
the establishment of a League of Na- 
tions based upon Nationality to in- 
clude Equal National Rights. 

The United States' Program 

On January 22. 1917, ten days after 
the date of the Allies' answer, the 
President of the United States went 
before the Senate and in a statement 
to the world he set forth the follow- 
ing declaration: 



"Gentlemen of the Senate: 
"... In every discussion of the 
peace that must end this war it is 
taken for granted that that peace must 
be followed by some definite Concert 
OF Power which will make it virtu- 
ally impossible that any such 
catastrophe should ever overwhelm 
us again. Every lover of mankind, 
every sane and thoughtful man must 
take that for granted. 



"It is inconceivable that the people 
of the United States should play no 
part in that great enterprise. To take 
part in such service will be the oppor- 
tunity for which they have sought to 
prepare themselves by the very prin- 
ciples and purposes of their polity and 
the approved practices of their Govern- 
ment ever since the days when they 
set up a new nation in the high and 
honorable hope that it might in all 
that it was and did show mankind the 
way to liberty. They cannot in honor 
withhold the service to which they arc 
now about to be challenged. They do 
not wish to withhold it. But they owe 
it to themselves and to the other na- 
tions of the tvorld to state the condi 
tions under lohich they will feel free 
to render it. 

"That service is nothing less than 
this : to add their authority and their 
power to the authority and force of 
other nations to guarantee peace and 
justice throughout the world. Such 
a settlement cannot now be long post- 
poned. It is right that before it comes 
this Government should frankly formu- 
late the conditions upon which it 
would feel justified in asking our peo- 
ple to approve its formal and solemn 
adherence to a League for Peace. / 
am here to attempt to state those con- 
ditions. 

"... The treaties and agree- 
ments which bring it [this war] to an 
end must embody terms which will cre- 
ate a peace that is worth guarantee- 
ing and preserving, a peace that will 
win the approval of mankind, not mere- 
ly a peace that will serve the several 
interests and immediate aims of the 
nations engaged. . . . Our judg- 
ment upon lohat is fundamental and 
essential as a condition precedent to 
permanency should be spoken now, not 
afterwards when it may he too late. 

''No covenant of co-operative peace 



that does not include the peoples ofW^ 
New World can suffice to keep the fu- 
ture safe against tvar; and yet there 

IS ONLY ONE SORT OF PEACE THAT THE 

PEOPLES OF America could join in 
GUARANTEEING. The elements of that 
peace iiinst be elements that engage the 
confidence and satisfy the principles of 
the American governments, elements 
consistent with their political faith 
and with the practical convictions 
which the peoples of America have 
once for all undertaken to defend. 



"No peace can last, or ought to last, 
which does not recognize and accept 
the principle that governments derive 

THEIR JUST powers FROM THE CONSENT 
OF THE governed/' 

These are the President's words. The 
basis, he says, must be "government by 
the consent of the governed," for the 
entire world, both on the ground of jus- 
tice for mankind and in order that per- 
manent peace shall be established — the 
ending of competition in armament and 
war. In behalf of the need for free 
peoples throughout the world he said : 

''Any peace which does not recognize 
and accept this principle will inevitably 
he upset. It will not rest upon the af- 
fections or the convictions of mankind. 
The ferment of spirit of whole popula- 
tions will fight subtly against it, and 
all the world will sympathize. The 
world can be at peace only if its life is 
stable, and there can be no stability 
where the will is in rebellion, where 
there is not tranquility of spirit and a 
sense of justice, of freedom, and of 
right." 

Here is the basis for securing condi- 
tions that will result in permanent 
peace — Free Peoples by means of a 
League of Nations, on the further basis 
of Equal National Rights. This latter 
principle is declared for by the Presi- 
dent. 

These are stupendous objects — World 
Liberation : 

1. The liberation of the entire ivorld 
from competition in armament and loar 
— the ending of militarism ; 

2. The liberation of the world's cap- 
tive nations; 

S. The liberation of all other peoples 
who are ruled by the few, directly or 
indirectly; and 



4. The liberation of the small na- 
tions from threatened extinction. 

The attainment of these conditions 
in the world are the ideals of Free 
Peoples. The United States came into 
the war on this basis. In the words of 
the head of the United States Govern- 
ment, "The world must be made safe 
for democracy. Its peace must be 
planted upon the tested foundations of 
liberty." 

Also President Wilson's words in 
summing up the reasons for our entry 
into the war are : 

"But the right is more precious than 
peace, and we shall fight for the things 
which we have always carried nearest 
our hearts — for democracy, for the 
right of those who submit to authority 
to have a voice in their own govern- 
ments, for the rights and liberties of 
small nations, for a universal dominion 
of right by such a concert of free peo- 
ples as shall bring peace and safety to 
all nations and make the world itself 
AT last free." 

The idea is freedom from Militarism, 
freedom for the world's Captive Na- 
tions, freedom for all others who are 
ruled by the Few, and Equal National 
Rights. In a word, Peace and Justice 
throughout the world. 

This is the United States' pro- 
gram. It was formally adopted by 

THE people of THE NATION IN THE 

election of 1916, and is now being 
proclaimed enthusiastically by the 
nation-in-arms. such are our war 

AIMS. 

This United States' program merely 
defines the ideal system declared for 
by the Entente Allies in their joint 
note of January 10, 1916, namely, 
"peace and justice throughout the 
world'' (page 4, column 1, above). This 
broad term "peace and justice" was 
used without defining it, for at that 
time the Czar of Russia was one of 
the parties to the Allies' program. 
Therefore no express mention could be 
made of Free Peoples — the word used 
is Nationalities. But when the peo- 
ple of Russia threw off their yoke 
the British Premier, David Lloyd 
George, in a telegram to their Govern- 



ment, March 22, 1917, asked that the 
war be continued "until the last strong- 
hold of tyranny on the Continent of 
Europe is destroyed and free peoples 
in all lands can unite to secure for 
themselves and their children the 
blessings of fraternity and peace." 

Three months later, June 29th, in a 
speech at Glasgow he said : 

"In my judgment this war will come 
to an end when the Allied Powers have 
reached the aims which they set out 
to attain when they accepted the chal- 
lenge thrown down by Germany to civi- 
lization. 

''These terms were set out recently 
J)y President Wilson with his unrivalled 
gift of succinct and trenchant speech. 

As SOON AS THESE OBJECTIVES AEE 
REACHED, AND GUARANTEED, THIS WAR 

WILL COME TO AN END. But if it comes 
to an end a single hour before it will 
be the greatest disaster that has ever 
befallen mankind. . . . 

"This war involves issues upon which 
will depend the lives of our children 
and our children's children. Sometimes 
in the course of human events chal- 
lenges are hurled from the unknown 
amongst the sons and daughters of 
men. Upon the answer which is given 
to these challenges, and upon the hero- 
ism with which the answer is sustained, 
depends the question whether the world 
would be better of whether the world 
would be worse for ages to come. These 
challenges end in terrible conflicts 
which bring wretchedness, misery, 
bloodshed, martyrdom in all its myriad 
forms to the woi;ld, and if you look at 
the pages of history these conflicts 
stand out like great mountain ranges, 
such as you have in Scotland — scenes 
of destruction, of vast conflicts, scarred 
by the volcanoes which threw them up 
and drawing blessings from the 
heavens that fertilize the valleys and 
the plains perennially far beyond the 
horizon of the highest peaks. You had 
such a conflict in Scotland in the six- 
teenth and seventeenth centuries of the 
great fight for the rights of men to 
worship God according to their con- 
sciences. The Scottish Covenanters 
might have given this answer to the 
challenge. They might have said, 'Let 
there be peace in our time, O Lord.' 
They might have said, 'Why should we 
suffer for privileges that even our 



fathers never enjoyed? If we win we 
may never live to enjoy the fruits of it, 
but we have got to face privations, un- 
speakable torture, the destruction of 
our homes, the scattering of our fami- 
lies, shameless death. Let there be 
peace.' Scotland would have been a 
thing of no account among the nations. 
Its hills would have bowed their heads 
in shame for the people they sheltered. 
But the answer of the old Scottish 
Covenanter, the old dying Covenanter 
Cargill, rings down the ages, even to 
us at this fateful hour, 'Satisfy your 
conscience, and go forward.' 

"That was the answer. That conflict 
was fought in the valleys of Scotland 
and the rich plains and market-places 
of England, where candles were light- 
ed which will never he put out, and 
on the plains, too, of Bohemia, and on 
the fields and walled cities of Germany, 
There Europe suffered unendurable 
agonies and miseries, but at the end of 
it humanity took a great leap forward 
towards the dawn. Then came the 
conflict of the eighteenth century, the 
great fight for the right of men as men, 
and Europe again was drenched with 
blood. But at the end of it the peas- 
antry were free, and democracy hecame 
a reality. 

"Now we are faced with the greatest 
and grimmest struggle of all — liberty, 
equality, fraternity, not amongst men 
dut amongst nations; great, yea small; 
powerful, yea weak; exalted, yea hum- 
blest ; Germany, yea Belgium ; Austria, 
yea Serbia — equality, fraternity, 
amongst peoples as well as amongst 
men. That is the challenge which has 
'been thrown to us. 

"Europe is again drenched with the 
blood of its bravest and best, but do 
not forget these are the great succes- 
sion of hallowed causes. They are the 
stations of the cross on the road to the 
emancipation of mankind. Let us en- 
dure as our fathers did. Every birth 
is an agony, and the new world is born 
out of the agony of the old world. My 
appeal to the people of this country, 
and, if my appeal can reach beyond, it 
is this — that we should continue to 
fight for the great goal of International 
Right and International Justice, so that 
never again shall brute force sit on 
the throne of justice, nor barbaric 
strength wield the sceptre of right." 

On July 20, 1917. Premier Lloyd 



George in the course of a lengtn^ 
speech in Parliament said : "Germany 
is not going to drive Great Britain out 
of the fight until liberty has been es- 
tablished throughout the world.'' 

The French Government is equally 
idealistic. On June 4, 1917, the Cham- 
ber of Deputies by a vote of 453 to 55 
declared : 

"Repudiating all idea of conquest of 
foreign populations, it [the Govern- 
ment] expects that the efforts of the 
armies of the Republic and of the Al- 
lies shall make it possible to obtain 
lasting guarantees of peace and inde- 
pendence for all peoples, great and 
small, in an organization of the So- 
ciety OF Nations [Federation of the 
World] to be formed at once." 

M. Viviaua, of France, former prime 
minister and one of the French Com- 
missioners to this country, in a speech 
in the United States Senate, declared 
that the task in this war is to achieve 
military dominance and then "to or- 
ganize the Society of Nations." Con- 
tinuing he said : "I well know that 
our enemies, who have never seen be- 
fore them anything but horizons of car- 
nage, will never cease to jeer at so 
noble a design. Such has always been 
the fate of great ideas at their birth; 
and if thinkers and men of action had 
allowed themselves to be discouraged 
by skeptics, mankind would still be in 
its infancy and we should still be 
slaves. After material victory we will 
win moral victory. We will shatter the 
ponderous sword of militarism ; we will 
establish guarantees of peace ; and we 
can disappear from the world's stage, 
since we shall leave at the cost of our 
common immolation the noblest herit- 
age which future generations can pos- 
sess !" 

During September, 1917, the Ribot 
Ministry in France resigned and was 
succeeded by the Painleve Ministry. 
Upon being interpellated it declared it- 
self as favoring the formation of the 
Society of Nations and would announce 
to the Chamber its terms of peace as 
quickly as it could consult with its al- 
lies. 



AN OBSTRUCTION BY COALITION 

GOVERNMENTS IN GREAT 

BRITAIN, FRANCE 

AND ITALY. 

Along \^ith the above described de- 
velopment of program for World Lib- 
eration there has arisen a most serious 
obstruction : that of reactionary Coali- 
tion Governments in Great Britain, 
France and Italy. While they have 
pledged the United States to aid in 
the establishment of ''peace and justice 
throughout the world" they have 
agreed among themselves for an ex- 
actly opposite program, as we shall 
show. We also quote two statements 
by President Wilson in open criticism 
of the action taken by these Coalition 
Governments. But as yet the parlia- 
ments and peoples of Great Britain, 
B'rance and Italy have not become suf- 
ficiently aware of the facts to restore 
Liberal Governments. 

In the accompanying chapters we 
present the case for World Liberation, 
grouping the facts of history, including 
President Wilson's arguments. We be- 
lieve that this is the first book wherein 
is described The Development of the 
Federal State, including World Fed- 
eration. 

As to our qualifications for accu- 
rately describing this broad field, we 
will state that during the past twenty- 
three years we have devoted our time 
and energies to the advancement of 
practical reforms in the United States, 
having assisted in each of the main 
movements. This after having grad- 
uated in law in 1887, followed by the 
rapid accumulation of a modest fortune 
and then the study of the social sci- 
ences at the University of Chicago. 

Our method has been to trace the 
lines of human development — racial, po- 
litical, industrial and social. Each 
point in this volume is based c(h the 
best evidence attainable. The subject 
matter is outlined in the accompany- 
ing table of contents. 

George H. Shirley. 
The Research Institute, 

Washington, D. C, January 25, 1918. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

The Iload to Victory Lies Through the United States' Program for World 
Liberation, Agreed to by Her Allies 3-S 



Division I. 
WORI.D LIBERATION IS THROUGH WORI.D PEDERATION". 



'ART Pages 

I. Devi'loi))iienf a Law of Nature. . 11 

II. The Process of Man's Development : 

Development of Race after 
Race, Sub-Race after Sub- 
Race, Nationality after 
Nationality, each Higher 
than the Other 11 

Teutonic Sub-Race the Latest 
and the First to Develop 
Self-Government by the 
People — Their Traits of 
Character 11-12 

Migration of Teutons into 
Western and Southern 
Europe and amalgamation 
with Preceding Sub-Race, 
resulting in New National- 
ities : Italians, Spanish, 
Portugese, French, Bel- 
gians, Roumanians and 
Greeks 12 

Migration of Teutons to 
Island of Britain Without 
Mixing with Britons : "A 
Germany outside of Ger- 
many" 12 

Germans (as distinguished 
from Prussians), the Dutch, 
Danes, Swedes and Norwe- 
gians are nearly pure 
Teutons 13 

Development of the Federal 
State xcith its Federal 
Government : 



Among Anglo-Saxons. 



In Western and South-West- 
ern Europe : (1) Thou- 
sands of Feudal States of 
Self-Governing Stock, in 
place of the Western Roman 



vr, 



Empire, resulting in loss of 
orderly peace, due to an 
Absence of Government as 
between the Sovereign 
States — International An- 
archy, known as the Dark 
Ages; (2) Later the Feudal 
States amalgamated into 
the Middle-Age States ; (3) 
These amalgamated into 
Larger and Larger States 
retaining something of 
Home Rule — the present- 
day Federal States possess- 
ing Federal Government. . 



18 



In Soutli-E astern and Central 
Europe an obstruction to 
progress hy the mixing of 
the hlood of the Asiatics 
(Huns) xcith that of Teu- 
tonic peoples 13-16 

1899-1914, Re-Establishment 
of Self-Government by Self- 
Governing stock in various 
parts of the world, not in- 
cluding Prussia, Austria- 
Hungary, Bulgaria and 
Turkey 17-18 

During 1914 was started the 
World War — Its Causes : 
The Ruling Few in Prussia 
and Austria-Hungary in 
atempting to stay in 
power started a Foreign 
y^^'ar — Three objects : (1) 
Acquirement of Wealth 
by Conquest; (2) Defeat 
of the Socialist Program, 
and (3) Defeat of Free- 
dom for their Slavic cap- 
tives 18-26 

The Outlook for Peace, No- 
vember, 1917 27 



Part 

III. Federation of the Natioms of the 
World Under the Domina- 
tion of Self -Governing' Peo- 
ples the Remedy : 



Outline 



Tage Part 



2S 



IV. 



The State : 

Its Elements — The Issue 
Stated 28 

The Development of Fed- 
eral Government — World 
Federation the Next Step 
— Statement &»/ Trustees 
of Carnegie Endoivment 
for International Peace 
— The Proposed Interna- 
tional System 28-38 

Summary and Comparison. 38 

World Liberation Program 
as a Whole :^8-40 

Development of Today's Pro- 
gram for World Liberation : 

1795 to 1914 41-42 

Declarations by the Allies, 

1914 42-43 



Page 
Attitude of the United 

States, 1916 44-4G 

Further Statements by Brit- 
*6h Liberal Government, 
1916 47 

Change to Reactionary Coali- 
tion Governments in 
Britain, France and Italy, 
1916 4 7 

President Wilson's Message 
for World Liberation, 1917 48-49 



Summary of the President's 
Message — Comments 

President Wilson's War Mes- 



Program of the 



The Ideal 
Allies . . 



Existing Disheartening and 
Chaotic Conditions to be 
followed by World Libera- 
tion 



50 



50 



50 



51 



Division IZ. 

THE END OF AN AGE, THIS WOBZ.D WAR A SFEEDING-UF FBOCESS FOB 

THE FEOFI.es of THE WOBI.D 51 



Division HI. 
THE FORTHCOMING NEW AGE. 



52 



Division IV. 
FARTHER DETAIZiS. 



Part 
I. 



The Steps in Planning* the De- 
tails of the War Aims : 

The Forthcoming World Or- 
ganization 



II. 



Part 
I. 



Free Peoples 54-56 

Equal National Rights 103-108 

Armament Will No Longer be 

Needed 57 

Application of the World-Liher- 
ation Program : 
By the United States 58 



Page Part Page 

By Great Britain 58-62 

By France 62 

po An. Obstruction by Coalition 
Governments in Great Brit- 
ian, France and Italy 62-68 

Near-at-Hand World Libera- 
tion 67 

A Judgment Day — Needed 
Changes Are Being Wrought 67-68 

III. Answers to Ohjections and 

Queries 69-70 



STII.I; 

Democracy Results in Peace 
and Prosperity — History 
of the United States, 
1776-1917 



Division V. 
FARTHER DETAII.S. 



Page 



70- 7i 



Part 

II. Prussian Ideals Compared. .. . 
III. Conclusion — The Needed Activi- 
ties 



Page 
77-79 



r9-80 



THE ROAD TO VICTORY 

It Lies Through the United States' 
Program for 

WORLD LIBERATION 

Agreed to by Her Allies 



Division I. 
WORLD LIBERATION IS THROUGH WORLD FEDERATION. 

Part I. 
DEVELOPMENT A LAW OF NATURE. 



The master key to an understanding 
of all social phenomena, including this 
World War, is to realize that develop- 
.ment — evolution, is a law of nature. 
This fact is conclusively shown in the 



world's history — written and unwrit- 
ten. In the accompanying pages we 
outline the process of human develop- 
ment, thereby leading up to the vital 
present-day problems. 



Part II. 
THE PROCESS OF MAN'S DEVELOPMENT. 



Social development is shown within 
the period of written history. Vast 
progress has taken place during the pe- 
riod wherein accurate details of civili- 
zations are depicted. 

These details show the process of 
man's development. It has been the 
coming into being of race after race, 
each one possessing added traits. The 
latest race is the Aryan or white race. 

Within the white race there are five 
great sub-races, each more advanced 
than the preceding one ; and within 
each sub-race there are various nation- 
alities. 

The latest sub-race is the Teutonic, 



which includes the Anglo-Saxons and 
Scandinavians. 

A fact of momentous importance is 
that not until the coming into existence 
of this Teutonic suh-race ivas there « 
really self-governing people. The earliest 
written history we have of this branch 
of the white race is the statement by 
Julius Caesar while he was campaign- 
ing against them. A century later was 
written a more complete description by 
Tacitus in the little volume Germania. 

It appears that in the German for- 
ests the young men upon attaining 
manhood were emancipated — given 
their freedom by their parents ; where- 



11 



as among the earlier peoples the father 
guided his family, including his male 
dscendants and their families, as long 
as he lived.* But in the German for- 
ests there existed a people wherein the 
adults ruled themselves, aided by par- 
ental and other advice. 

Tn pul)lic affairs the men were asso- 
ciated on a plane of equality ; while 
within the families the wife was the 
equal of the husband, and a new tic 
existed between husband and wife 
among the masses — romantic love. The 
marriage tie was kept more sacredly 
than among the earlier peoples. 

The public gatherings of importance 
were opened by prayer, as at present. 
These people were farther advanced 
spiritually than any preceding nation- 
ality. Also greater truthfulness ex- 
isted. 

Self-government existed in civic af- 
fairs, as we have said. The states were 
small, not larger than our present-day 
counties, so that the men assembled 
and directly attended to state affairs — 
legislative and judicial, electing for the 
coming year an executive committee. 
In each community the men met to- 
gether and attended to the local affairs, 
including the distribution of the tem- 
porary use of the land. The citizens 
who attended these meetings were 
usually armed with spear and shield 
and, therefore, at the local meetings 
wherein important questions were de- 
cided the presiding officer was a rep- 
resentative of the state, attended by a 
group of armed citizens to preserve or- 
der. 

Some of the states were Republics 
and some were Kingdoms ; but the 
king's authority was merely that of 
national leader, without a veto power. 
He was elected from a certain family 
and all of the male members therein 
were eligil)le. The king served the 
people subject to recall at any time 
and the election of a successor. 

Here we see a new type of manhood 

*The name given to the above de- 
scribed power in the Roman father was 
patria potestas. 



and womanhood. Among their short- 
comings were drunkenness and gam- 
bling. 

Early in the Christian era when the 
population in the Roman Empire — the 
fourth su1)-race — was shrinking, there 
occurred within the fifth sub-race a 
rapid multiplication of self-governino 
peoples, accompanied hy emigration. At 
first they sifted in among the Roman 
states and then they poured in in con- 
quering streams. This was from the 
r>d to the 9th centuries, A. D. 

Wherever they went they applied 
their freedom-giving institutions among 
themselves, and among their subjects 
they recognized the existing customs. 
Also they honorably intermarried with 
their subjects — the Romans, Greeks 
and Gauls, thereby forming new na- 
tionalities, possessing the needed spirit 
of liberty and other of the higher 
qualities of the Teutons, and partaking 
of the art and culture of the great 
Keltic people's, the fourth sub-race of 
the white stock. 

Thus arose the peoples who to-day 
inhahit France, Belgium, Switzer- 
land, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece 
AND Roumania. They are of self- 
governing STOCK. 

In the inland of Britain the Roman, 
legions were withdrawn to protect the 
empire from the Teutons, which weak- 
ened the Britons, who invited some of 
the Teutons in the German forests to 
come over and help them expel the in- 
vaders who had come in upon them 
from the surrounding territory. The 
Teutons from the mainland came over 
and the reports they sent home of the 
fertile soil and balmy air attracted 
other Teutons, some of whom came in 

ARMED BANDS AND EITHER KILLED OR 

DROVE BACK THE Britons. Iu this way 
the southern portion of Britain be- 
came "a Germany outside of Germany" 
and so continued for five hundred 
years; and then the invaders came 
from Scandinavia and Normandy and 
tvere of self-governing stock. 

The Teutonic invaders in Britain 
came in armed bands, as we have said, 



12 



and when the spoils were divided, prin- 
cipally the land, the larger part was 
taken by the military leader, which es- 
tablished economic inequuUty and to 
such a degree that in the second gen- 
eration it resulted in the title of King, 
but it was a limited authority, owing 
to the liberty-loving traits of the peo- 
ple. 

Gradually the miniature kingdoms 
were amalgamated, forming a Federal 
State — a new thing on earth. Eacli 
community possessed self-government 
in local affairs, a>id so did each county, 
ivith the king at the head of the state 
government — the national government. 
Unity among the Anglo-Saxons in Brit 
a in came tirst in the Church and then 
in tlie State. 

In Southern and Western Europe the 
inflow of the self-governing stock re- 
sulted in Feudalism, which broke up the 
Absolute Monarchy of Rome and thus 
hrought on an interruption to the peace 
and order that had resulted from the 
one government. This era of the 
changed system is described as the 
Dark Ages, owing to the absence of 
an over-arching government — anarchy 
existed between the miniature states. 
Gradually an amalgamation of the 
small states took place, resulting in 
Federal States — states possessing 

local HO]\iE RULE TO SOME EXTENT, THE 
KING BEING AT THE HEAD OF THE NA- 
TIONAL GOVERNMENT. THUS THE SELF- 
GOVERNING STOCK PRESERVED TO SOME EX- 
TENT THEIR NATIVE LIBERTIES. The COU- 

tinual development of the area of the 
states and the continuance of anarchy 
between the states prevented the estab- 
lishment of full self-government within 
the nations. An exception was the 
United States of America, where the 
full-blooded self-governing stock estab- 
lished real self-government during 177(> 
to 1783, and continued it until towards 
1844, when there appeared the accumu- 
lated results of a low-grade immigra- 
tion in the form of a debased system 
of party government — Machine Kule, 
which became dominant in national af- 
fairs in 1844.* 



But throughout the world during the 
past eighteen years — 1890-1017 — a won- 
derful series of political events have 
taken place : Among the peoples op 

SELF-GOVERNING STOCK THERE HAS ACTU- 
ALLY BEEN ESTABLISHED SeLF-GoVERN- 

MENT BY THE PEOPLE ! For the first 
time since the emigration of the early 
Germans from Central and Northern 
Europe during the 3rd to the 0th cen- 
turies and the amalgamation of sub- 
races and the development of the area 
of the state, tJie People have quite gen- 
eruUy come hack into power. 

Before we give the dates of these 
epoch-making revolutions we herewith 
outline something of the history of the 
people of South(>asrern and Central 
Europe. 

Obstructions to Progress in South- 
Eastern and Central Europe. 

In the portion of Europe nearest Asia 
the Teutonic sub-race has had to face 
the Huns, of the yelloiv race. Time 
after time these fierce tribes of a lower 
stage of development have broken into 
Europe and have swept across vast 
areas. During these times they have 
killed the men of the self-governing 
stock and violated their women, result- 
ing in the mixing of the races and a 
caste system. This is the Slavonic. 

*In 1844 the existence of a debased 
system of Party Government in the 
Democratic organization in the United 
States was pointed out by John C. Cal- 
houn in an address to the people 
withdrawing from the contest for the 
Presidential nomination. When the 
delegates to the Democratic National 
Convention assembled a majority re- 
fused to be bound by their instruc- 
tions and their pledges, and thus true 
self-government hy the people in the 
United fitates came to an end. The 
details were descril)ed by Senator Ben- 
ton after he had retired from public 
life. He aimed to restore the people's 
rule and thus ward off civil war. This 
he states in the closing chapter of his 
invaluable two-volume work. Thirty 
Years in the United States Senate, 
chapters 136, 137. 



13 



Lithuanian, Finnish, ITnngarian and 
Prussian nationalities. They vary 
greatly in the different sections of Eu- 
rope and Siberia. One of the physical 
elements of this mixed type is a ten- 
dency towards a round head, acquired 
from the Asiatic progenitors, as com- 
pared with the long head of the Ary- 
ans.* 

The Prussians are of this mixed 
stock, as ive have said, added to which 
during the past four hundred years 
have heen turn terribly debasing fac- 
tors: (1) the occurrence of long and 
hard-fought wars which killed off the 
more courageous of the men, destroyed 
the schools and in other ways debased 
the civilization; and (2) the presence 
of despotism which drove forth the lib- 
erty-loving people. When Napoleon 
went into Prussia the lower class, the 
peasants, were serfs. Later they were 
given the right to move about, but still 
they were held as political slaves and 
such is their condition to-day. Even 
though they have witnessed the recent 
liberation of the people of Russia they 
still remain in bondage; and even 
though told by the United States and 
the rest of their armed opponents that 
war against them will cease if they will 
but assert their manhood, still they re- 
mam in bondage! The explanation is 
their undeveloped condition, due to the 
causes we have outlined. This phase 
of the situation is little understood 
amongst us so M^e very briefly describe 
it. 

In the preceding pages we have out- 
lined the development of self-governing 
peoples and the obstructions met with 
from the breaking into Europe of tbe 
yellow race, plus the terrible experi- 

*Prof. T. N. Huxley, in Nineteenth 
Century, November, 1890, pp. 759-760; 
Encyclopaedia Britannica, title Slavs ; 
Evolution and War, by Dr. P. Chalmers 
Mitchell, pp. 51, 60, 64. Dr. Mitchell 
states that this mixed race "of a lower 
civilization would swamp Europe were 
it not in fact held in check by the Ger- 
man or Teutonic race," (Page 59; see 
also page 77. below,) 



ences of the people of Prussia during 
the past 400 years, resulting in a peas- 
antry vastly different from anything 
which the world has ever possessed. 
Evidence's of this unusual type will 
presently appear. 

In 1848, when the people of the east- 
ern half of the continent in Europe 
came suddenly into power almost with- 
out exertion on their part, they all were 
in a short time back into servitude 
owing to their inability to develop self- 
government ; whereas in England there 
existed a progressive Representative 
Government. In Prussia the people 
were clothed with more political power 
than they formerly possessed, yet they 
were ruled by the few as with a rod 
of iron and there followed again an 
exodus of the liberty-loving. Our 
United States received many of these 
patriots — the Revolutionists of 1848. 

In 1858, during a period of rising 
prices throughout the world, accom 
panied by progressiveness in every di- 
rection, the Liberals in Prussia came 
into poiver. The king appointed a Lib- 
eral Ministry. Soon, however, he rec- 
ommended a considerable increase in 
the Prussian army and the idea was 
not accepted. He named a Conserva- 
tive Ministry and it failed to get the 
consent of the people's representatives. 
He dissolved Parliament and appealed 
to the people toho returned a Liberal 
tnajority, opposed to the plan. 

Then Herbert von Bismarck sug- 
gested to the king that he name a 
ministry that should rule for a time 
without the consent of the House and 
establish the increase in the army. The 
king appointed Bismarck to do the deed 
and he accomplished it. He did so 
without shedding a drop of blood 
owing to the co-operation of the Social- 
ists. They kefused to co-operate with 
THE Liberals, thereby enabling the 
Conservatives to defeat them. 

This aid to the Conservatives — the 
Reactionists — came from the least de- 
veloped class in Prussia, the peasant 
class, the descendants of those who 
were not possessed of self-governing 



14 



qualities. Themselves political slaves, 
tlicy wore possessed of tlie idea tliat 
they should secure self-goverument by 
refusing to co-operate with the middle 
class — the property-owners and people 
of initiative and achievement. Thus 
Reactionism misled them. An equally 
misleading fallacy of these Prussian 
slaves was that when they should se- 
cure the control of the Government 
they would use it to at once take into 
their own possession all of the property 
of the nation by means of immediate 
government ownership and operation of 
all the means of production and dis- 
tribution, and force all of their former 
masters and their families into the 
ranks of government employees — a sys- 
tem of industrial slavery for every- 
one. 

This was the program of political 
slaves, of so base a type that Reaction- 
ism succeeded in imbedding these ideas 
in their thoughts. 

One of the ways whereby Reaction- 
ism forged additional chains was 
through a provision in the Socialist 
Party platform that a member of the 
party must never scrateh the ticket- 
never co-operate with the Liberals. 

Still another chain which firmly 
bound them to Reactionism was the 
enunciation of the principle that the 
Working Class — the property-less class 
and a class without the qualities which 
result in initiative and achievement — 
that this class should refuse to co-op- 
erate with those %oho possess these 
qualities and possess property. This is 
the Class-Conscious idea. 

This was the Prussian Peasant Pro- 
gram which defeated Liberalism in 
Prussia in 1862 and helped to start 
Prussian Militarism. 

As soon as the Prussian army was 
enlarged a quarrel was picked with 
Denmark by Bismarck and the prov- 
inces of Schleswig and Holstein were 
forcibly taken. Then a quarrel ensued 
between Prussia and Austria as to the 
disposition of the booty. In the Ger- 
man Diet the majority sided with Aus- 
tria and ordered the troops of the Con- 



federation to be mobilized against 
Prussia. But Prussia defeated them 
and annexed the German provinces of 
Hanover, Electoral Hesse, Nassau and 
Frankfort, as well as Schleswig and 
Holstein. Bismarck would have taken 
more of the German states but was 
prohibited by Napoleon III., of France. 

Austria was excluded from German 
politics, and the four German states 
south of the INIain — Bavaria, Wurtem- 
berg, Baden and Hesse— became inde- 
pendent and were expressly left at lib- 
erty to form a separate union. 

Four years later, 1870, Bismarck 
picked a quarrel with Napoleon III. 
and utterly defeated him, annexed 
Alsace and Lorraine and exacted a 
huge cash contribution, also he swept 
into his organization the four German 
states to the south of the Main. In 
connection with these changes he wrote 
a new constitution making Prussia the 
dominant state and the King of Prus- 
sia the Emperor, and the emperor pro- 
claimed it. Such in brief is the his- 
tory of the making of the German Em- 
pire up to 1871. 

In the drafting of this constitution 
Bismarck demonstrated that he knew 
the people for whom it was to be used. 
Four years before the Social Demo- 
crats (Socialists) had eight members 
in the North German Federation and 
at the first election after the formation 
of the German Empire they cast 125,- 
000 votes. Bismarck stated in the con- 
stitution that the Emperor might alone 
declare a foreign loar provided he 
should state it to be a defensive ivar. 
Manhood suffrage for the national 
lower house was established, because 
the Prussian peasants were Icnotvn to 
aid the Conservatives, as we have seen. 
The middle-class vote was the Liberal 
vote. The people's representatives in 
Parliament — the lower house, the 
Reichstag, icere to serve tvithout pay 
from the state; also there was no se- 
cret ballot nor stringent laws against 
corruption. Within the confederation 
the Prussian Military State secured 
such a position that "she rules Ger- 



15 



many with the advice and assistance of 
the other States." (President Lowell 
of Harvard University.) 

Unexpectedly, however, the enlarged 
Prussian Government, owing to a con- 
test with the Roman Church, received 
the support of the Liberals and the 
Radicals, but not the Socialists. This 
contest is termed the Kulturkampf or 
War of Progress, 1871 to 1884. 

Beginning in 1873, the gold standard 
countries experienced falling prices, 
owing to a shrinking volume of money, 
and the falling prices resulted in a 
growing industrial depression. The 
Socialists, though, claimed that the in- 
crease in unemployment was caused by 
the competitive system, and their num- 
bers increased rapidly. During 1875 
the Emperor was shot at and Bismarck 
brought in a bill to limit free speech 
and free press. The Liberal Reichstag 
refused to pass it until most of the 
drastic provisions had been stricken 
out. Three years later, 1878, the in- 
dustrial conditions had become exceed- 
ingly bad and the Socialists were sure 
that they possessed the remedy. Bis- 
marck again insisted upon the ending 
of free institutions in order to prevent 
a ivorse fate — the success of the So- 
cialists. The Liberal Reichstag again 
refused and the Emperor dissolved it 
and ordered an election. Again he was 
shot at and this time seriously 
wounded. At the polls enough of the 
Liberals were defeated to secure a 
Consei'vative majority and it proceeded 

TO END FREE INSTITUTIONS IN GERMANY. 

The executive authority for the shut- 
ing off of the Socialist program was 
vested in the Upper House and it pro- 
ceeded TO SAVE the German civiliza- 
tion BY forcibly preventing THE SO- 
CIALISTS FROM CARRYING ON THEIR PROP- 
AGANDA. The situation was as though 
the Prussian peasants were planning 
to put out a fire by pouring on kero- 
sene. Then the Conservative European 
Governments — all were of that charac- 
ter — ended the depression by quietly 
increasing the volume of money in use*, 
resulting in rising prices and profit- 



able business and thus the unemployed 
were set to work. 

This enabled the Conservatives to 
carry various elections by claiming that 
the return of prosperity was due to 
other causes. This was in 1880-1882. 

Then the Conservative Governments 
again set about to continue the shrink- 
age in the volume of money, to benefit 
the creditor class — increase the pur- 
chasing power of money and of debts. 
But again business became a losing 
venture, bankruptcies increased and 
vast numbers of unemployed demanded 
bread. Jn England, during the pros- 
perous times the Liberal party had 
come hack into power. It appointed 
a commission to ascertain the cause of 
the industrial depression. The com- 
mission quickly reported that the 
money question should be looked into 
and more deeply than it was authorized 
to do and recommended the appoint- 
ment of a larger commission. This 
was forthwith done ; hut soon the Lib- 
eral Government teas turned out of 
office at an election and the Conserva- 
tive Government, when the commission 
unanimously reported, refused to do 
anything. 

During this time the Socialist vote 
in Prussia and elsewhere mounted up- 
wards. The Liberals were out of power 
in practically every country in the 
world, and the Socialists refused to 
co-operate tvith them to prevent a 
shrinking volume of money and falling 
prices. Thus the Socialists contin- 
ued TO HELP THE CONSERVATIVES. 

In 1896 the election in the United 
States was so close and business con- 
ditions so bad that again the Conserva- 
tive European Governments set about 
to quietly increase the volume of 
money in use.f Again prices rose and 



*The Money Question, by George H, 
Shil^loy, pp. 383-384; also Mr. Shibley's 
statement at Senate hearing on Fed- 
eral Reserve Bill, 1913. pp. 1748-1750, 

f Momentous Issues, by George H. 
Shibley, pp. 10-11 ; also Mr. Shibley's 
statement at Senate hearing on Fed- 
eral Reserve Bill, 1913. pp. 1751-1752. 



16 



industrial activity reappeared ; also 
the output of gold from the mines had 
for some time been increasing tremen- 
dously, due to improved methods of 
extraction. Prices continued to riso 
and industrial activity continued tj 
increase. In the 1898 ejection in the 
United States the creditor class wan 
defeated hy the trust magnates, ivho 
in 1900 secured the passage of a law 
increasing the volnme of paper cnr- 
rencij, on top of a flood of gold money. 
The increase in the volume of money 
and rising prices continued year after 
year, except as interfered with by an 
occasional panic for money and falling 
prices. 

A rising price level always enlarges 
the profits of the business men and 
farmers, giving employment to nearly 
all of the people. Always these arc 
progressive eras. This was no excep- 
tion, A most remarkable series of 
progressive political changes took place 

ESTABLISHING IN MOST OF THE LEADING 
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, FULL SeLF- 

GovERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE ! Hereto- 
fore whenever a Liberal Government 
had come into power it usually had 
been composed of a minority, due to 
the stage of development, hut now a 
majority of the people have come into 
poiver in many countries. Thus fou 
the first time since the exercise of 
self-government by the people in the 
German forests, some 1500 years ago, 

THIS SAME liberty-giving SYSTEM OF 
GOVERNMENT HAS BEEN RESTORED GEN- 
ERALLY. Following are the principal 
dates : 

1899-1914, A World-Wide Revolution 
for Democracy. 

In France in 1899 the change occur- 
red in connection with the Dreyfus 
case. In the Chamber of Deputies 
enough of the Socialists voted with the 
Liberals to defeat the Conservatives 
who had unjustly convicted Dreyfus and 
were opposing the coming of the people 
into power. A great uproar took place 
among the Socialists, but a vast ma- 
jority soon came around to where they 



realized that their own liberties were ' 
l)eing promoted and they officially en- 
dorsed the coalition, and have since 
continued to do so. The French people 
are of self-governing stock. 

The next year after this crisis in 
France, in Australia enough of the 
Labor Unionists and Socialists com- 
bined with the Liberals to install a real 
People's Government. In New Zea- 
land some years earlier a coalition had 
taken place between the Liberals and 
the wage-earners, but they were un- 
able for many, many years to control 
the Senate. In Switzerland the change 
had been coming since 1831. 

In Russia in 1905 the people came 
into power for a time, but they made 
such poor use of this power that they 
soon gave way to the need for more 
stable conditions. 

The next year after this Russian 
Revolution the people of Great Britain 
came peacefully into power. It came 
through a coalition of the LiberaL 
Labor and Irish parties, aided by the 
Fabian Socialists. Forthwith the Boers 
in South Africa, whom the British 
Conservative Government had forcibly 
seized and were holding in subjection, 
were given their freedom. So well did 
they use it that soon there was formed 
into one autonomous dominion thv? 
South African Union, and when there 
arose the world conflict for liberty in 
1914 the Boers stood with the Britisli 
Government and so did the Irish Na- 
tionalists. Said John Redmond : "One 
democracy has made a treaty with an- 
other democracy and we are true to 
our word !" 

In 1906, the same year that freedom 
came to the British Isles, in China, peo- 
pled by the yellow race, a promise was 
issued by the Absolute Monarchy that 
there was to be established Parlimen- 
tary Government, and it has since ma- 
terialized and in connection tvith a 
Repuhlic — even China has become a Re- 
public ! Self-government by the peo- 
ple of China is on its way. 

In Japan a start in Parliamentary 
Government was made in 1878. After 



17 



many years a system of Proportional 
Representation was established, lessen- 
ing the bitterness in the campaign and 
giving representation to the voters in 
accordance with their nnmbers, adding 
tremendously to the stability of the 
Government. 

The year 1906 is also notable as wit- 
nessing the enfranchisement in Austria 
of her captive peoples — the Slavs and 
the Italians. The aged emperor, 
Francis Joseph, helped to secure this 
peaceful change. A fairly good repre- 
sentation in the lower house was estab- 
lished. 

Also in 1906 the people of Norway 
secured a Liberal Government and 
withdrew from the confederation with 
Sweden, and the following year en- 
franchised the women. 

The next year, 1907, in both Belgium 
and Holland the Liberals came into 
power. In both countries the Social- 
ists co-operated with the Liberals in 
establishing the change. 

In 190S in Turkey the Absolute Mon- 
archy was over-thrown almost without 
bloodshed by the Young Turks and 
there was restored the constitution of 
1876, and an election of members of 
the chamber of deputies was ordered. 
"For a time the insurgent bands dis- 
appeared in Macedonia, and the rival 
'nationalities' — Greek, Albanian, Turk, 
Armenian, Servian, Bulgarian and Jew 
— worked harmoniously together for 
the furtherance of common constitu- 
tional aims. Kiamil Pasha, an advanced 
Liberal, became grand vizer, and a new 
cabinet wns formed, including a Greek, 
Prince Mavrocordato ; an Armenian, 
Nouradounghian, and the Sheikh-ul- 
Islam."* 

The following year, 1909, in Sweden, 
the people secured the enfranchise- 
ment of men and proportional repre- 
sentation. 

The next year, 1910, the people came 
into power in Italy, Spain, Portugal, 

*Encyclopredia Britannica, title 
Turkey. 



Southern Germany and in the National 
House of Representatives in the United 
States. 

Two years later, 1912, the people in 
the United States captured the Senate 
and the Presidency and re-elected a ma- 
jority in the House. Tlie conservative 
party cast only 27 per cent, of the 
total vote and did not cast a majority 
in any state, and only a plurality in 
two small states — Utah and Vermont. 

The year 1912 also witnessed a peo- 
ple's victory in national affairs in 
Prussia and the rest of the German 
Empire. The extortions of the con- 
servative parties had so exasperated 
the people that for the first time in 
Prussia there was a coalition of the 
Liberals with the Socialists and they 
cast two-thirds of the votes and elected 
slightly more than a majority of the 
lower house, the Reichstag, pledged to 
INSTALL Responsible Government or a 
Republic. 

Looking back for the past eighteen 
years we see a world-wide sweep for 
democracy — Self-Govern ment by the 
People, taking the place of the rule 
of the Ftw. Up to 1914 it was almost 
bloodless, due in most instances to the 
possession of the ballot by the people. 
Before this time they had voted but 
had not ruled ; now the organized 
wage-earners became a balance of 
power, along with improved methods 
IN governmental machinery, plus the 
election of candidates who have in 

THE main carried OUT THEIR PLEDGES. 

The Causes of the World War. 

In .Wl^t the war was started hy the 
ruling few in Prussia and Austria- 
Hungary who were trying to stay in 
power. 

Two years before, 1912, the Prussian 
Liberals for the first time voted for 
Socialist Representatives, and vice 
versa, and thus two-thirds of the peo- 
ple of the German Empire joined to- 
gether pledged to democratize the na- 
tion, end the rule of the Few. More 
than a majority of the members in 



18 



the Reichstag were thus elected.* It 
looked as though a Constitutional Mon- 
archy was about to be established, or 
a Republic. 

But trouhle arose as soon as the elec- 
Hon teas past. The Socialists who in 
the campaign had not stressed their 
program for the immediate government 
ownership of everything iioio laid em- 
phasis upon it, as is evidenced by the 
fact that the German Socialist Con- 
gress later in the year expelled Herr 
Hildebrandt Itecause 'Hn a recent vol- 
ume on industrialism he expressed a 
douM as to the possibility of nation- 
alizing ALL production without exeep- 
tion:'-f 

Certain it is that the Liberals with- 
drew FROM THE COALITION AND WENT 
HEAD-ON AGAINST THE SOCIALISTS BY 
JOINING WITH THE CONSERVATIVES AND 
THE OTHER PROPERTY OWNERS, VOTING TO 
INCREASE THE GOVERNMENT'S ARMAMENT. 

This occurred during the first half of 
1912, and again in 1913, and then as 
soon as the enlargement of the Kiel 
Canal was completed in 1914 a foreign 
WAR WAS declared. Three main objects 
were in view : 

(1) The acquiring of vast wealth hy 
conquest. Practically everyone in Prus- 
sia and the rest of Germany believed 

*The total of the Socialist and Lib- 
eral vote was 7,400,000, as against 
3,500,000 in the Conservative and Cler- 
ical parties. The Socialist representa- 
tion leaped from 53 members in the 
Reichstag, to 110, a gain of more than 
100 per cent, in a single election. And 
in the Reichstag 22 of the 44 National 
Liberals voted for the Marxian Social- 
ist leader, Herr Rebel, for President of 
the House. Ten of the National Liber 
als voted blank tickets. In the Legis- 
latures in the German States the So- 
cialist members increased from 110 to 
224. In the Reichstag the majority that 
had supported the Government was ex- 
tinct. Its 23G votes out of 397 were 
replaced })y a majority of National 
Liberals, Radicals, and Social Demo- 
crats holding 206 seats. 

finternational Year Book (Dodd, 
Mead & Co.) for 1912, p. 6G4. 



that they would succeed, and there was 
an immense enthusiasm for the enter- 
prise.* 

(2) Another object of the governing 
class teas to get rid of the menace of 
the Socialists. For this the Liberals 
had withdrawn from the coalition with 
them, because the Liberals had found 
out that the Socialists were still 
obsessed by the idea of carrying out 
their program. The starting of a for- 
eign war would at once put an end to 
the plan for a time, at least, and fill 
their minds with patriotic thoughts. 
Should the war succeed — as everyone 
believed it would** — the resulting 
problems would help to keep down the 
Socialists; and should the war fail it 
still would be so destructive of the So- 
cialists (who had been deliberately 
placed in the army while excusing one- 
third of the population-)- ) that they as 

*See page 77, below. 

**In the words of George B. McClel- 
lan, former mayor of New York and 
professor of economic history in 
Princeton University, who visited Ger- 
many : "What is even more impressive 
than the economic strength of the Ger- 
man Empire is the confidence of the 
German people in the outcome of the 
war. During the time I was in Germany 
I talked with a great number of Ger- 
mans in all walks and conditions of life. 
All alike expressed the same absolute 
certainty of German victory. It is not 
a matter of opinion or of hope with 
them, but a feeling that it is no more 
possible for Germany to lose than it is 
for the sun to set in the west." (The 
Heel of the War, p. 23.) 

fin the words of an article on Con- 
scription in the Encyclopaedia Britan- 
nica : "To meet this danger from the 
Socialist vote in Germany it was de- 
termined in 1893 to increase the annual 
contingent whilst diminishing the dur- 
ation of the color service from three 
to t'lvo years so that approximately 
tivo-thircis of the men available would 
pass through the ranks, it being held 
that the habit of obedience to consti- 
tuted authority acquired in the army, 
together with the silent influence which 



19 



[larra^H, 



a class would be much less liari 
Bear in mind that the Liberals were 
actually threatened by all the horrors 
of a possible civil war and of a morv> 
terrible character than had ever de- 
vastated France, owing to the brutal 
character of the lower classes in Prus- 
sia, as is evidenced hy the terriMe 
actions of their men against the tvomen 
and children in Belgium and Finance. 

3. A third ohject was to defeat free- 
dom for their captive Slavs. Either a 
war must be started against the Slavs 
or they would start one against their 
oppressors in Hungary, Austria and 
Germany (details are in a later sec- 
tion). Military necessity (as long «>• 
competition in armament should exist) 
ahsolutely required that the captive na- 
tions must he held. There are — or were 
— 41 millions of captives in Germany, 
Austria and Hungary, plus Bulgaria 
and Turkey ; as compared with 72 mil- 
lions of Prussians and Germans. 10 mil- 
lion Hungarians, 3 million Bulgars, 
and probably 10 million Turks, a total 
of 95 millions, most of whom are them- 
selves political slaves, ruled hy a mill- 
could be exercised by ex-soldiers and 
the reservists and by the sympathy and 
example of their former commanders 
of all ranks, formed the hcst possihic 
guarantee against the undue spread of 
Socialist doctrine.'" 

Under this system one-third of the 
available men have been excused con- 
tinuously, and, as the ones who have 
done the excusing have been the repre 
sentatives of the Kaiser, it follows that 
they have not excused the Socialists 
nor those most inclined to adopt their 
views. Thus a system has existed 
ivherehy the Socialist voters and their 
sympathizers have heen grouped to- 
gether in the army, and, in case of 
war with the neighlyoring countries, 
they ivould he the ones to he rushed to 
the front and loould he obliged to hear 
the hrunt of the fight. In this way a 

LARGE PROPORTION COULD BE KILLED 
SHOULD THEV BECOME TOO MUCH OF A 
MENACE, And, owing TO THE POWER IN 
THE EmPEROK TO DECLARE WAR, THE WAY 
WAS KEPT OPEN TO QUICKLY AND EFFEC- 
TIVELY BRING ON A FOREIGN WAR. 



tary oligarchy of their own 
Should the captive nations escape from 
their captors then the military strength 
of Germany and Austria-Hungary 
'Would hecome so reduced that the Slavs 
ivould become the stronger nation, add- 
ed to which ivould he France and Great 
Britain; and, worse still for Germany 
and Austria-Hungary, their undevel- 
oped masses with their plan for re- 
action would he almost sure to come 
into potver. Therefore in Prussia 
THE Liberals combined with the Con- 
servatives to build UP the nation's 
armament and then start a foreign 

WAR, which came OFF ON SCHEDULE 
TIME. 

Here are some of the direct evi 
deuces : 

A Foreign War Was Planned. 

June, 1912, a writer in the Fortnight- 
ly Review, London, who signed himself 
PoUticus, said : 

"The responsibility for the strained 
relations existing between Germany 
and Britain is solely due to the Ger- 
man Government, which has deliherate- 
ly created the present position. The 
German Government has embittered 
Anglo-German relations and brought 
the two nations to the brink of war by 
trying to destroy Great Britain's naval 
supremacy and by entering upon a 
campaign of calumny and villification 
which is probably unparalleled in his- 
tory." 

Showing the length to which tho 
British Liberal Government went in 
1912 to get an agreement by the 
Kaiser to keep the peace, the following 
statement was handed to his Chancel- 
lor from the British Cabinet : 

"Britain declares that she will 
neither make nor join in any unpro- 
voked attack upon Germany. Aggres- 
sion upon Germany is not the subject, 
and forms no part of any treaty, un 
derstanding, or combination to which 
Britain is now a party ; nor will she 
become a party to anything that has 
such an object."* 

This pledge by the British Govern- 

* Liberal Magazine, p. 684, 1914. 



20 



meiit did not satisfy the German abso- 
lutist — absolute in his power to declare 
war. His Government asked the Brit- 
ish Government to pledge itself "ahso- 
lutcly to neutrality in the event of 
Germany 'being engar/ed in war — and 
this, mind you, at a time when Ger- 
many was enormously increasing both 
her aggressive and defensive resources, 
and especially on the sea." These arc 
the words of the British Prime Min 
ister in an address at Cardiff on Octo- 
ber 2, 1914, and he continued : 

''They asked us for a free hand, so 
far as ice were concerned, if and when 

THEY SELECTED TPIE OPPORTUNITY TO 
OVERBEAR, TO DOMINATE THE EUROPEAN 

WORLD. To such a demand but one 
answer was possible, and that was the 
answer we gave. None the less we have 
continued during the whole of the past 
two years, and never more energetical 
ly and more successfully than during 
the Balkan crisis of last year, to work 
not only for the peace of Europe, but 
for the creation of a better interna- 
tional atmosphere, and a more cordia] 
co-operation between all the powers. 

On March 17, 1013, the French Am- 
bassador at Berlin wrote to his Gov- 
ernment, saying : 

"The Imperial German Government 
is constantly rousing patriotic senti- 
ment. Every day the Emperor delights 
to revive memories of 1813. Yesterday 
evening a military tattoo went througli 
the streets of Berlin, and speeches 
were delivered in which the present s't- 
uation was compared to that of a hun- 
dred years ago." A hundred years be- 
fore the conditions were just the re- 
verse, France being the aggressor. 

June, 1913, the German Government 
brought into the Reichstag six bills to 
greatly increase the armament, and 
l>roviding that not a penny of the cost 
should touch the wage-earners. These 
hills ivere passed "and the leaders of 
BOTH the National, Liberal and the 
[Clerical] Centre were congratu- 
lated EFFUSIVELY BY THE CHANCEL- 
LOR."* 

Here is complete proof that the Lib- 

* International Year Book. 1913. title 
Germany. 



erals who, in 1912, had joined with the 
Socialists were now opposing them, 
voting with the Conservatives for a 
large increase in the armament, and 
this at a time when the neighboring 
countries were anxious to lessen the 
expenditures for armament. 

Five months later, the French Am- 
bassador at Berlin wrote home : 

"I have received from an absolutely 
reliable source an account of a conver- 
sation which took place a fortnight ago 
between the Emperor and the King of 
Belgium, in the presence of the Chief 
of the General Staff — General von 
Moltke. This conversation, it appears, 
has made a profound impression on 
King Albert. I am in no way sur- 
])rised at the impression he gathered, 
which corresponds with what I have 
myself felt for some time. Enmity 
against ns is increasing, and the Em- 
peror HAS CEASED TO BE THE FRIEND OF 
PEACE. 

"The person addressed by the Em- 
peror had thought up till then, as did 
all the world, that William II., whose 
personal influence had been exerted on 
many critical occasions in support of 
peace,! was still in the same state of 
mind. He found him this time com- 
pletely CHANGED. The German Em- 
peror IS no LONGER IN HIS EYES THE 
champion of PEACE AGAINST THE WAR- 
LIKE TENDENCIES OF CERTAIN PARTIES IN 

GerMx\ny. WiUia^n II. has come to 
think that war with France is inevit- 
ahle, and that it must come sooner or 
later. Naturally, he believes in the 
crushing superiority of the German 
Army and in its certain success. 

"General von Moltke spoke exactly 
in the same strain as his sovereign. 
He. too. declared war to be necessary 
and inevita])le, but he sliowed himself 
still more assured of success, 'for,' he 
said to the King, 'this time the matter 
must be settled, and your IMajesty can 
have no conception of the irresistible 
enthusiasm with which the whole Ger- 
man people will de carried away when 
that day comes.' 

"The King of the Belgians protested 
that it was a travesty of the intentions 
of the French Government to interpret 
them in that sense; and to let oneself 
be misled as to the sentiments of the 
lYench nation by the ebullitions of a 



21 



few irresponsible spirits or tlie intrigues 
of unscrupulous agitators. 

"The Emperor and liis Chief of the 
General Staff nevertheless persisted in 
their point of view. 

"During the course of this conversa- 
tion the Emperor moreover seemed 
overstrained and irritable. As William 

II. ADVANCES IN YEAKS, FAMILY TRADI- 
TIONS, THE EEACTIONARY TENDENCIES OF 

THE Court, and especially the impa- 
tience OF THE SOLDIERS, OBTAIN A 
GREATER EMPIRE OVER HIS MIND. . . . 

"Emperor William is less master of 
his impatience than is usually sup- 
posed. I have known him more tha]i 
once to allow his real thoughts to es- 
cape him. Whatever may have been 
the object of the conversation related 
to me, the revelation is none the less of 
extreme gravity. It tallies with the 
precariousness of the general situation 
and with the state of a certain shade 
of public opinion in France and Ger- 
many. 

"If I may be allowed to draw a con- 
clusion, I would submit that it would 
be well to take account of this new 
factor, namely, that the Emporer is 

becoming used to an order of IDEAS 
WHICH were formerly REPUGNANT TO 
HIM."* 

These inside facts show the Kaiser's 
state of mind, and, coupled with his 
desperate political straits and those of 
the rest of the ruling few, Conserva- 
tives and Liderals, demonstrate that 

THEY HAD MADE UP THEIR MINDS TO 
start A FOREIGN WAR. 

This attitude of mind was strength- 
ened by current events. Shortly after 
the Kaiser and his Chief of Statf had 
endeavored to win to their side the 
Belgian King there occurred the Za- 
bern incident. The Prussian military 
commander in Alsace-I^orraine acted 
with exceeding brutality towards the 
civilians at Zabern and the affair came 
up in the Reichstag. The Chancellor, 
von Bethmann-Hollweg, defended the 
military department and the Reichstag 
cast a majority vote criticising him. 
The country applauded, shoioing its 
deep-seated opposition to militarism 
and the reigning few; also the new 



*Despatch No. 6. 



SPIRIT IN DARING TO CRITICISE THE 

Kaiser's representative demonstrated 
A spirit of revolution. The following 
day the* troops were ordered from Za- 
bern and the Chancellor asserted his 
responsibility to be to the Emperor. 

Early in 1914 the Kaiser's repre- 
sentative. Chancellor von Bethmann- 
Hollweg, openly declared the Govern- 
ment's intention "to fight the menace 
of Socialism." In April ''The Central 
Committee of the National Liheral 
party issued a command that hence 
forth National Liberal candidates in 
election contests must refrain from 
making any promises to any other 
parties, and, above all, to the social 
Democrats."* 

The Socialists replied to both of 
these declarations of war by staying in 
the Reichstag at the close of the ses- 
sion, May 20, 1914, at the time that the 
customary cheer for the Kaiser was to 
be given, instead of leaving as had heen 
their custom, and they "remained 
seated and silent as a manifestation of 
Republican conviotions."y 

On June 24 the announcement was 
made of the completion of the enlarged 
Kiel Canal, so that the largest ships 
might pass through from the Baltic to 
the North Sea. The event was attended 
by impressive ceremonies. 

Here was a tremendously important 
event. Germany was now prepared 
FOR A foreign WAR. Tlic preceding 
month the German Minister of War 
stated publicly that the large increase 
in the army provided for the year be- 
fore had been effected, with the army 
in splendid condition. Also early in 
the summer the last of the payments to 
the Government Defense Levy were to 
be made. 

On July 14, 1914, ten days before the 
completion of the Kiel Canal, a letter 
by the German Government to the com- 

*1914 International Year Book, title 
Germany. ' I 

fSame authority. Here again the 
spirit of revolution against the Kaiser 
was exhibited. 



22 



mander of its cruiser, The Eher, ad- 
dressed to Cape Town, intructed how 
it and otlier of its vessels were to get 
coal if war should he declared.* 

Two mouths earlier, May, 1914, re- 
servists from the Far East were called 
home.f 

Early in June arms for cruisers were 
sent out to Buenos Ayres.f 

On June 15th contracts were entered 
into by the German Government for 
coaling cruisers at sea at specified 
places and dates in August and Sep- 
tember.! 

Late in June reservists were called 
home from Natal.f 

During July, Germany drew on Lon- 
don for large sums in excess of trade 
requirements, these bills to become due 
after August l.f 

This is strong circumstantial evi- 
dence, wonderfully cumulative. Now 
we have direct proof. Hon. Henry 
Morgenthau, United States Ambassador 
at Constantinople during 1914, states 
as follows in the New York World of 
October 14, 1917 : 

"Baron Wangenheim, the German 
Ambassador at Constantinople, in an 
outburst of enthusiasm after the ar- 
rival of the Goeben and Breslau in the 
Dardanelles, he having directed their 
movements by wireless while they were 
endeavoring to escape from the British 
fleets, informed me that a conference 
had been held in Berlin early in July 
at which the date of the war was fixed. 

"This conference was presided over 
by the Kaiser. Baron Wangenheim was 
present to report on conditions in Tur- 
key. Moltke, the chief of staff, was 
there, and so was Admiral von Tirpitz. 
With them were the leaders of German 
finance, the directors of the railroads 
and the captains of industry whose aid 
was essential to the Kaiser in putting 

♦London Times, Oct. 6, 1914. This 
letter was intercepted and shows that 
the German oligarchy had its plans laid 
for war. 

fThe late Rev. H. M. Gwatkin, pro- 
fessor of Ecclesiastical History, Cam- 
bridge University, in The Nation, of 
London, Oct. 14, 1916. 



the vast military machine into opera- 
tion. Each was asked if lie was ready 
for war. All replied in the affirma- 
tive EXCEPT THE FINANCIERS, WHO IN- 
SISTED THAT THEY MUST HAVE TWO 
WEEKS IN WHICH TO SELL FOREIGN SE- 
CURITIES AND ARRANGE THEIR LOANS. 

"At the time this conference was 
held," continues former Ambassador 
Morgenthau, "nobody outside of the 
inner circles of the Berlin and Vienna 
Governments dreamed of war as a re- 
sult of the Sarajevo assassinations. 
They took good care that no suspicion 
should be aroused. The Kaiser went 
straight to Norway on his yacht. The 
Chancellor left Berlin for a rest. The 
diplomatic corps had no intimation of 
the impending calamity — the British 
Ambassador went away, leaving the 
embassy to the Charge d'Affaires. The 
same drug was used in Vienna, and 
even when the blow fell the Russian 
Ambassador was absent from his post 
on a vacation." 

Corroborative proof is presented by 
Mr. Morgenthau. He says: "All the 
great stock exchanges experienced an 
acute financial depression as German- 
owned stocks were quietly pushed into 
the market. In New York, as I found 
afterward, there were astonishing 
slumps in quotations. Between July 
10 and July 25, which was two days 
before the ultimatum was sent to 
Serbia, Union Pacific dropped from 
154% to 12514, Baltimore and Ohio 
went from 90^4 to 781^4, and United 
States Steel slumped with the railroad 
stocks. No adequate explanation was 
offered." 

Furthermore, adds Mr. Morgenthau, 
"it was not to me alone that Baron 
Wangenheim told the story of the Ber- 
lin conference. Only recently the Mar- 
quis Garroni, the Italian Ambassador 
at Constantinople, announced that 
Baron Wagenheim said the same thing 
to him, Italy at that time being a 
member of the Triple Alliance." 

Thus the evidence is conclusive that 
the details for starting the war were 
being worked out in Berlin some three 
weeks before the open rupture occur- 
red ; also we have presented proof that 



23 



during May and June the German Gov- 
ernment was getting ready for the out- 
break, the decisive factor being the 
completion of the enlargement of the 
Kiel Canal. The origin of the plan 
dates from the time when the Liberals 
left the Socialists because of their 
plans against humanity ; also there ex- 
isted two other causes, which presently 
we will explain. We proceed with our 
narration of the events leading up to 
the outbreak. 

On July 31st the Kronprinzessin 
Cecilc. in mid-Atlantic, received a mes- 
sage in special cipher saying, "War 
has broken out with Phigland. France 
and Russia. Return to New York;" 
whereas the war had not broken out — 
Germany was ostensibly still negotiat- 
ing. The cipher code had been handed 
the captain two years before* 

During March, in preparation for 
what was to come, the Kaiser visited 
his two allies. Emperor Francis Joseph 
and the King of Italy, also the crowr 
prince of Austria-Hungary. The news- 
papers reported unusually long confer 
ences by the Kaiser with the foreign 
ministers of both countries. Three 
months later, in June, the Kaiser again 
visited the Austro-Hungarian crown 
prince, taking with him Admiral voii 
Tirpitz, Secretary of the Navy. 

Before that time the German Gov- 
ernment in its task of preparing the 
minds of its subjects for the forthcom- 
ing war had pictured the terrors of 
Pan-Slavism and the absolutism of the 
Czar. During March. 1914, the Cologne 
Gazette and Germania, two of Ger- 
many's newspapers, conducted a furiou.- 
campaign against Russia. They were 
given free reign for a time and a high 
pitch of excitement was reached. Then 
the semi-official newspapers declared 
the scare to be without foundation and 
the State Secretary administered a mild 
rebuke, but the Germans had been 

AROUSED. 

*Prof. Gwatkin. in the Nation. 



Four days after the completion of 
the enlarged Kiel Canal so that the 
largest war vessels would be able to 
move either towards Russia or England, 
the Austro-Hungarian crown prince 
and his wife were killed at the capital 
of Bosnia by a Slav, who had come 
from Serbia to do the deed. This was 
only one part of a systematic propa- 
ganda for Slavic freedom*- 

^During 1815, at the Congress of 
Aienna. after the overthrow of Na- 
poleon, the Reactionist Governments de- 
liberately divided up the several na- 
tionalities in the conquered territory 
so as to lessen the people's power. The 
cruel Mohammedan Turks were to hold 
the Slavic Christians in Southeastern 
Europe. Tlie Slavs in what had been 
Poland wei^e to continue as a divided 
nationality. Hungary was still to be 
made up of provinces peopled by Huns, 
Slavs, Germans, and Roumanians of 
the Latin race. To the absolute mon- 
archy of Austria there was transfer- 
red a dominating control in Italy : 
France. Spain and Portugal were 
placed under reactionism ; and to the 
absolute monarch in Prussia was trans- 
ferred various groups of peoples pos- 
sessing self-governing traits. During 
the past forty years the Slavs in Cen- 
tral and Southeastern Europe became 
much impressed with the need for end- 
ing their inferior position by acquiring 
their freedom and developing their 
God-given aptitudes. Societies were 
formed to foster this ideal and the 
movement spread throughout all of the 
Slavic world. The organization is the 
International Federation of Slavic So- 
cieties. It helped to form the Balkan 
League whereby in 1912 war was de- 
clared against the Turkish Government 
and it was driven almost completely 
from Europe. The next step in the 
program was to plan to rescue the 
brethren held as captives in Hungry, 
Austrin and Piussia. This plan of the 
Slavic Societies wa s stated in the 
Washington Post of July 12, 1913, by a 
Paris correspondent, quoting the Presi- 
dent, General Count Arthur Spirido- 
vitch. who had foretold correctly the 
expulsion of the Turks from Europe. 
This leader said : 

"Our aspirations are : 

"First— A Southern Slavic empire, 



24 



Evidently the conditions were such 
that the Austro-Hungarian and Prus- 
sian oligarchies had either to strike 
first or be struck* and they struck 



composed of all of the countries whoso 
liberation from Turkey was obtained 
or encouraged by Russia, including 
Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro ; all tho 
territories they have taken in the late 
war and Bosnia, Herzegovina, Albania, 
Poland, Croatia, and the Czech coun 
try [being part of Austria-Hungary 
and Prussia]. 

"Second — It is proposed to break up 
the patch-work empire of Austria. This 
would give Hungary her independence 
and let the Slavs of the Austrian Em- 
pire join the new confederation. 

"Third — The independence of Poland 
is aimed at as an integral state of the 
confederacy. Here Russia, Austria and 
Germany would have to give their re- 
spective portions of Poland. The Slavic 
empire of the South would hold back 
the ]Mohammedan invasion of Europe, 
which many are looking for. 

"Fourth — Pan Slavism wishes neither 
to annex nor oppress. Its one desire is 
the reign of peace through Uherty and 
fraternit'}/. Its ideal is to see the tri- 
bunal of The Hague in full working 
action." 

A year before this statement was is- 
sued from Paris the International Year 
Book said: "This Southern Slavic 
movement for separation was, in fact, 
one of the most serious questions be- 
fore the Austro-Hungarian Govern- 
ment." 

*The imminance of a revolution by 
the Slavs in Central Europe is evi- 
denced by a vast amount of proof, much 
of which is presented in the Austro- 
Hungarian Red Book. The British am- 
bassador at Vienna wrote home : 

"The country certainly believed that 
it had before it the alternative of sub- 
duing Serbia or of submitting sooner or 
later to mutilation at her hands." 
(British Blue Book. No. 161.) 

The German Government, in a pam- 
phlet issued during the first month of 
the war, entitled Reasons for the War 
with Russia, said: 

"Under these circumstances it was 



first,! giii"i»g a tremendous advan- 
tage : 

In Austria-Hungary the oligarchy 
forced its al)out-to-he rebellious sub- 
jects to mobilize and march against 
their brother {^lavs; and in Germany 
the Kaiser and his colleagues, includ- 
ing the Liberals, all of whom had skil- 
fully whetted the appetite of the work- 
ing people for foreign conquest, along 
with fear of Pan F?lavism, now formed 
them into regiments and marched them 
towards the peaceful French people, 
first encountering the courageous Bel- 
gians. 

clear to Austria-Hungary that it was 
not compatible with the dignity and 
the spirit of self-preservation of tfie 
monarchy to view idly any longer this 
agitation across the border. The Im- 
perial and Royal Government apprisod 
Germany of this conception, and asked 
for our opinion. With all our heart we 
were able to agree with our Ally's esti- 
mate of the situation, and assure him 

that ANY ACTION CONSIDERED NECESSARY 
TO END THE MOVEMENT IN SERBIA DI- 
RECTED AGAINST THE CONSERVATION OF 
THE MONARCHY WOULD MEET WITH OUR 
APPROVAL." 

Here it is unblushingly said that the 
maintenance of the oligarchy — ivhich 
means the continued captivity of the 
Slavs — was the cause of starting the 
war ajraiUvSt Serbia. Such also is the 
statement in the Dual Monarchy's proc- 
lamation to its subjects. However, 
this was only one of three causes of 
the war, as we have pointed out. 

Six weeks before the killing of the 
crown prince in Bosnia the Austro- 
Hunararian Emperor told his ambassa- 
dor from Constantinople that "war was 
inevitable because of conditions in the 
Balkans." This was repeated to the 
American Ambassador at Constanti- 
nople, Henrv Morgenthau (New York 
World, Oct. 14. 1917). 

fThe Austro-Hungarian Government 
acting through its ministry first de- 
clared war against Serbia, refusing to 
mediate, but three days later, July 31. 
the ministry consented to mediation 
(British Blue Book Nos. 131, 138. 141), 
but then the Prussian Kaiser refused 
to rescind his order for mobilization 



26 



Thus the World War was started. 

On August 4 the Socialist members 
in the Reichstag unanimously joined 
with the other members in voting the 
necessary war credits. All knew that 
Belgium and France were to be in- 
vaded. 

In 1912 at the International Socialist 
Congress the delegates from Germany 
and AAistria-Hungary had Mocked the 
passage of a resolution proposed "by 
the French delegates that in order to 
prevent war "by one country upon an- 
other there should take place an insur- 
rection hy the working class and a gen- 
eral strike. Thus the German and 

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN SOCIALIST DELE- 
GATES HAD HELPED THEIR FELLOW 
COUNTRYMEN TO START THE WAR AGAINST 
THEIR NEIGHBORS — A WAR OF CONQUEST* 

One year after the start was made all 
of the representatives in the Reichstag 
except the Socialists demanded wide- 
spread conquest.f 

against Russia, therefore he is re- 
sponsible for starting the war. 

*Conquest was aimed at by the Ger- 
man Government from the start. This 
government in its negotiations with the 
British Government endeavored to get 
it to stay out of the war. declaring that 
Germany wouUl leave the French ter 
ritory intact, l>ut on being asked as to 
the French colonies refused to make 
any pledge. 

fOn August 16, 1915. the Liberals 
of Germany, speaking through the ex- 
ecutive committee of its members of 
the National Liberal Party in the 
Reichstag, declared : 

"The outcome of the present war can 
only l>e a peace which, expanding our 
frontier east, west and overseas, will 
protect us militarily, politically and 
economically, against new attacks and 
compensate us for the enormous sacri- 
fices which the German nation already 
has made and is determined to continue 
until a victorious conclusion." 

Complete confidence in the National 
Liberal Party Leader, Ernest Basser- 
man, was also expressed and an an- 
nouncement was made that the party 
would stand solidly back of any gov- 
ernment pursuing with unbending firm- 
ness the aims above outlined. In the 



Reviewing the facts the conclusion is 
inevitable that there were three con 
tributing causes of this World War : 

1. The menace at home to the prop 
erty-owi!ers in Prussia. 

2. There existed a near-at-hand 
Slavic uprising for freedom. The cap- 
tives in Bosnia, Herzegovina and Hun- 
gary were to be assisted by Serbia and 
also by Russia and France, if neces- 
sary, and which, should it prove suc- 
cessful, would tremendously lessen the 
military power of the Central Empires 
and correspondingly augment their 
neighbors' power. Also the remaining 
peoples would then more readily oust 
the ruling few and themselves come 
into power. 

3. The ruling few were able to stay 
in power and to hold their captive na- 
tions by promptly starting a foreign 
war. They were able to enthuse their 
subjects of their own nationality by 
the methods we have pointed out. 

These three causes of the war exist- 
ed. Had any one of these causes been 
absent the war would probably not 
have occurred. Thus these three causes 
were contr^ihuting causes, each being 
a determining factor. There existed, 
hoivever, a pri^nary or underlying 
cause, namely, the low-grade element 
IN the; Prussian lower class. Recall 

THE FACTS WE HAVE SHOWN TO HAVE 
OCCURRED. 

For three and a half years the dead- 
ly war has been waged and what is the 
outlook? 

adoption of the resolution there were 
two dissenting votes. 

In conjunction was filed with the 
Reichstag memorials in the same strain 
from six industrial organizations "rep- 
resenting the politically powerful re- 
actionary agragrians or junkers, and 
also the highly centralized influences 
of the mighty industrial concerns, in- 
cluding at least a portion, if not all, 
of the Krupp interests." This statement 
by Karl H. Von Wiegand was in 
a press dispatch of August 20, and he 
characterized the demand as being for 
"wholesale annexation." Also the Con- 
servative and the Clerical parties were 
for annexation. 



26 



The Outlook for Peace. 

In Prussia the ruling feiv and the 
other propcrty-oivners are still control- 
ling the Government and are doing 

THEIR UTMOST TO KEEP OUT OF THE 
CLUTCHES OF THE ONES WHO ARE UNDER 
THE CASTE SYSTEM, AND WHO IN THIS 
WAR HAVE DEMONSTRATED THAT THEY 
ARE BRUTES, RAVISHING MANY OF THEIR 
CAPTIVE WOMEN, ALSO THEY ARE 
PLEDGED TO CONFISCATE ALL PROPERTY AT 
home; and ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO 
PLACING IN THE GOVERNMENT SERVICE 
UNDER THEMSELVES ALL OF THE PRESENT- 
DAY PROPERTY-OWNERS, Rs we liavG seeii. 
Nothing like such a situation has 
ever before existed on earth! It has 
come about through the mixing of the 
blood of the Huns with that of the 
Teutons, long ago, followed by the elim- 
ination of the ones with higher ideals 
because of despotism and the immigra- 
tion of the liberty-loving, or they have 
been killed during the long wars. Two 
mail groups exist in Prussia: (1) the 
property-less people or wage-earners 
who probably constitute much more 
than a majority, and who as a class 
are imbued with the ideals above de- 
scribed; and (2) there are the prop- 
erty-owners, part of whom are of the 
caste system — the nobility and the 
bureaucracy, hut in politics it is the 
property-owners on the one side and 
on the other the property-less, and he- 
tween the Socialists and the property- 
owners there is fierce hatred. In the 
words of Samuel P. Orth in the World's 
Work, June, 1912 : 

"In Prussia this feeling of personal 
hatred [between the Revolutionary So- 
cialists and the propertied class] runs 
very high; there are no friendly 'good 
mornings' between Social Democrats 
and the Conservatives. The Social 
Democrats never attend a public func- 
tion where they are expected to cheer 
the Kaiser. In South Germany there 
is no such bitterness."' 

In the words of Prof. Paul Rohrback 
of Germany in a recently published vol- 
ume, Germany's Isolation: 

"The feeling of caste of the upper 
classes brought to bear on the struggle 



for freedom of the lower classes that 
clement of deadly hatred ivhich else- 
where is confined to the wild, really 
lawless and unpatriotic anarchists who 
are the dregs of society.'' 

In the words of the Encyclopaedia 
P>ritannica in its history of Germany: 

"The most striking effect of the de- 
velopment of this antagonism [between 
the Social Democrats and the proper- 
tied classes] iras the gradual disap- 
pearance as a factor in politics of the 
Liberals, the chief builders of the Em- 
pire. Their part thenceforth was to 
vote blindly with the Conservative 
groups, in a common fear of the So- 
cial Democracy, or to indulge in pro- 
tests, futile because backed by no pow- 
er inside or outside the Parliament."* 

Here we see one of the causes of the 
dreadful World War: It was started 
to shield the property owners in Prus- 
sia from the Revolutionary Socialists. 
Count von Reventlow of Germany in 
his paper the Tages Zeitung, April 5, 
1917, in discussing the peace terms pro- 
posed by President Wilson — freedom 
for all peoples — spoke of "the need to 
stand against the stormy demand for 
reform in those inner political condi- 
tions, the maintenance of which hulks 
larger to many Prussian conservatives 
than the winning of the tvar.-f In the 
words of M. Yves Guyot, late Minister 
of State in France, in his book Tfic 
Causes and Consequences of the War 
(page 199) : "The attitude of the So- 
cialist Party must always be reckoned 
among the factors which urged the 
Kaiser to make his 'preventive' war in 
1914." 

On September 21, 1917, a dispatch 
from Amsterdam stated that in Berlin 
the Socialist paper, Vorivaerts, the of- 
ficial organ of the party, quotes from 
a manifesto being circulated by Anti- 
Socialists and says: 

"The men who are responsible for 
this manifesto being issued also want 
to war against their own people. The 
civilian truce is over! Let us have a 

*VoL xi, p. 897. 

fAssociated Press in Washington 
Post, April 7, 1917. 



27 



civilian war! Very well, let them 
have it!" 

A few days later, September 24, the 
National Liberals in the Reichstag by 
unanimous vote declared against the 



establishment of a Responsible Minis- 
try — in substance they declared that 
the masses in Prussia are not capable 
of self-government. 

We now consider the needed remedy. 



Part III. 

FEDERATION OF THE WORLD UNDER THE DOMINATION OF 
DEMOCRACIES THE REMEDY. 



The remedy for the unfortunate situ- 
ation in Prussia is the establishment 
of the Federation of the World in con- 
nection with details presently to be de- 
scribed. Leading up thereto we ana- 
lyze the State and outline its develop- 
ment. 

THE STATE: 
(1) Its Elements. 

Mankind is co-operative in his na- 
ture as is evidenced by the existence 
of the Family and the State. The 
State is an aggregation of human be- 
ings amongst whom there is a single 
ruling power. This power, termed sov- 
ereignty, expresses itself through three 
departments of government — legisla- 
tive, executive and judicial depart- 
ments, officered by its representatives 
and their assistants. As the ruling 
power expresses itself through these 
three departments the result is that the 
legislative department enacts laws, the 
executive department issues orders, 
and the judicial department renders 
judgments. But in a broad way the 
name for each of these expressions 
of the sovereign will is Laws. We use 
the word in that sense. 

The State, then, expresses its will 
through Government, resulting in 
Laws, therefore civilized man is dwell- 
ing amidst Laws — human laws, and 
three departments of government— 
Legislativb, Executive and Judicial 
Departments. Each of thesf four ele- 
ments EXISTS IN ClVIIIZIOn SOCIETY. 

These laws are the rules whereby man 
describes the rights and duties of the 
individuals and aggregations of indi- 
viduals, subject to mutual agreements 



between these units within the limits 
fixed by the rules. The legislative de- 
partment is used to alter the rules to 
meet the changing conditions. The 
executive and the judicial departments 
are used to administer these rules 
(policies). Each of these four institu- 
tions or elements exist wherever man- 
kind is civilized, the result amongst 
self-governing people teing Civil Lil)- 
erty. 

Where these institutions are absent 
— where Government is absent, the re- 
sult is Anarchy and Armed Force — 
Militarism and an occasional War. 
When a rush of gold miners takes place 
into new diggings there is anarchy un- 
til they establish Lynch Law, possibly, 
and then a more formal kind of gov- 
ernment. Government is an element 

IN CIVILIZATION. 

The existing World War is a result 
of an absence of government as be- 
tween nations. There is no real inter- 
national law, nor is there any legisla- 
tive department of government and no 
executive and judicial departments of 
government. The issue in this war is, 
Shall there be established a system 
OF International Government — Fed- 
eral Government? 

The United States, Great Britain and 
France have affirmed this principle, 
though as yet they have not declared 
the details. But the main outline of 
that which must be established clearly 
appears when the history of Federal 
Government is unfolded, as follows: 



(2) The 



Development 
Government. 



of Federal 



Each race of people as it has arisen 
has had its own peculiar traits of cbar- 



28 



acter, resulting in a system of govern- 
ment for itself, both within the fam- 
ily and the state. 

The earliest mention in historj^ of 
self-government by the masses — real 
democracy, is in the writings of Julius 
Caesar, about 100 B. C, as* we have 
said. He while campaigning in Gaul 
against the Teutons described their 
mode of living — self-government by the 
adults, who received the advice of their 
parents but were not obliged to obey. 
This was a new stage in human devel- 
opment. Until that time the character 
of the people was such that the father 
ruled w^ithin the family after the death 
of his father. Thus the sons and their 
families were under the control of the 
father as long as he lived. This was 
due to the undeveloped condition of 
the people. And within the state there 
was no such thing as self-government 
as between the heads of the families. 
There existed the selfish rule of who- 
ever secured the principal oflices. It 
was so under the so-called Roman Re- 
public, and it was so under the later 
Absolute Monarchy. 

Imagine, then, Caesar's surprise 
upon meeting a people possessed of such 
great individuality and courage that 
each child upon attaining his growth 
became his own ruler! In community 
affairs they co-operated peacefully. 
Owing to the reign of brute force as 
between the miniature states the pub- 
lic policies were decided by the hus- 
bands of the families, who met together 
armed with spear and shield. They 
discussed policies tolerantly, deciding 
each issue by show of hands, aMding 
hy the will of the majority. In that 
way they adopted the laws whereby 
the land was divided amongst the fami- 
lies, each family cultivating its own 
piece of ground while using in common 
the pasturage. The basis of it all was 
Equal Rights. This required honesty 
on the part of the powerful ones, but 
so well-balanced were they that they 
produced this remarkable civilization. 
As yet it was not as highly intellec- 
tual as in Greece, Rome and Gaul, but 



the other qualities — the moral qualities 
— were more highly developed. 

At that time the area of the state 
was about the size of our present-day 
county. This limit was due to the fact 
that they had not yet developed Rep- 
resentative Government, which came 
later. 

The warriors ruled in community af- 
fairs by meeting together, as we have 
said. In the larger affairs, which were 
very limited, they came together annu 
ally when conditions were normal. 
These annual meetings were opened by 
prayer to God, as is our .custom to- 
day on important occasions. The more 
spiritual ones of the community then 
as now believed in the existence of in- 
telligences in the invisible realm, and 
then as now they publicly asked for as- 
sistance. 

Between husband and wife there ex- 
isted a new tie — Romantic Love. Hus- 
band and wife were more true to each 
other than ever before was known 
amongst the masses. The young men 
and the young women before marriage 
were more chaste than ever before. It 

WAS THESE QUALITIES AS A WHOLE THAT 
RESULTED IN THE ABILITY OF THE INDI- 
VIDUALS TO GOVERN THEMSELVES — GOVERN 
THEMSELVES INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLEC- 
TIVELY. 

Early in the Christian era the Teu- 
tons who were nearest to the Christian 
world accepted the Christian religion. 

At this time the population of the 
Christian world — the Roman Empire 
peopled largely by the fourth sub-race 
— was diminishing in numbers, while 
the population of the fifth and latest 
sub-race, the Teutonic, was increasing 
in numbers. It sifted in among the 
Greeks, the Romans and the Gauls. 
Then in Southeastern Europe, peopled 
by the Teutons, there burst in upon 
them a fierce and undeveloped tribe of 
the yellow race from Asia, the Huns. 
Vast numbers of the Teutons died in 
defense of their homes and the state ; 
also in many places an exodus occurred, 
the entire community moving by cara- 
van to the westward and to the south- 



29 



west. The Huns riishecl in in vast 
hordes and fought their way clear 
across Central Europe as far as the 
river Marne, in wliat to-day is France, 
where the civilized people of Europe 
by means of wide-spread co-operation, 
in a mighty l>attle, lasting several 
days, succeeded in stopping them. 
Then the Huns turned south. Not long 
afterward their leader, Attila, died, 
and his numerous sons warred with 
each other and brought on chaos, fol- 
lowed by the recovery of all of Europe 
by the white race, except that a mix- 
ture of the .yellow and the white race 
took place, accentuating the Slavic, 
Lithuanian, and Prussian nationalities. 
Within each of these nationalities a 
caste system has prevented in a con- 
siderable degree the further mixing of 
the two stoclvs. That caste system 
exists to this day. 

At the time that the Teutons wer«- 
forced to retreat before the Huns they 
moved in among the Greeks, the Ro- 
mans and the Gauls; and, later, they 
poured in upon these decadent popula- 
tions in increasing numbers, going in 
armed bands, each under a leader, tak- 
ing their families with them. Thus 
they became conquerors, but their high 
traits of character resulted in gener- 
ous treatment for their captives. A new 
degree of justice for captured peoples 
was established. The local customs 
were respected, while the newcomers 
applied among themselves their own 
peculiar institutions — trial by a jury 
of one's peers, the unrestrained use of 
free speech among themselves, and 
emancipation of their own youths upon 
the attainment of manliood and wom- 
anhood. Also the newcomers honor- 
ably intermarried with the more ad- 
vanced portions of the conquered peo- 
ples. An exception was Britain, where 
the immigration was more slow and 
the inhabitants were either killed in 
battle or they succeeded in retiring, 
resulting in the southern part of the 
Island of Britain becoming "a Ger- 
many outside of Germany," and so it 
continued for five hundred years. While 



the mainland was suffering from in- 
vasion by the backward races from the 
southeast and the southwest, the 
Anglo-Saecons were untouched. 

Among these Anglo-Saxons there first 
(Jevelopcd Representative Government, 

WHICH INCLUDES FEDERAL GOVERN- 

iiENT. The elected executive commit- 
tee in each community attended the 
annual meeting for the next larger 
unit, the county, and these representa: 
fives met together at the county seat in 
an open field and with them assembled 
such of the individual citizens as cared 
to attend. These citizens as a whole 
transacted the business for the county. 
Towards the close of the session they 
elected an executive committee for the 
coming year. 

Because of the development of a popu- 
lation witli traits of character such as 
we have described there developed a 
purely Representative Government, the 
legislative J)ody for the state Ming 
termed the Witenagemote or Witan, 
meaning the hody of Wise Men. These 
representatives of the people elected 
the king. Even William the Conqueror, 
who came over from Normandy in 1066, 
was elected king. Not, however, until 
he in battle had killed the then-exist- 
ing king and had scattered his forces. 
William became an absolute monarch 
in national affairs, while the people and 
their local leaders retained a consid- 
erable degree of county and local self- 
government, except where the Con- 
queror set aside the earls and lesser 
nobles, substituting his Norman-French 
supporters. These invaders were of 
self-governing stock. 

In something like 150 years there 
was an amalgamation of the conquerors 
and the Anglo-Saxons and then the 
unified people re-established self-gov- 
ernment by the local and the county 
leaders — {\\q barons. These barons 
and their vassals on the bloody field 
of Runnymede in the year 1215 forced 
King John, a descendant of the Con- 
queror, to sign Magna Charta. And in 
this compact appears the ever-present 
trait of the true Teuton: a demand fob 



30 



Equal Rights — the barons demanded 
of the king the same right of jury 
trial for the humblest freeman that 
they demanded for themselves. In 
other words, they demanded the restor- 
ation of the ancient customs of the 
Anglo-Saxons. 

This Teutonic trait, which resulted 
in just treatment for the weaker broth- 
ers, is a fact of the utmost importance 
to-day, for the world is considering 
whether or not the self-governing peo- 
ples of this modern age sliall propose 
to the less advanced nations of the 
world that they join with the democ- 
racies in forming the Federation of the 
World. Would such a system he for 
the best interests of humanity? Yes, 

BECAUSE THE SELF-GOVERNING PEOPLES OF 
TO-DAY POSSESS THE SAME NOBLE TRAITS 
AS DID THE BARONS AT RUNNYMEDE : 
THEY PROPOSE EQUAL NATIONAL RIGHTS 
FOR ALL PEOPLES ! 

This is the attitude of the Liberals — 
the Progressives, whereas the opposi- 
tion are possessed of a lower standard 
of morals: they demand the relation 
of Ruler and Subject, the latter being 
political slaves. Conservative Govern- 
ments are of this character or tendency, 
both in the so-called democracies and 
the monarchies. 

We have outlined the development of 
the state in the southern part of Brit- 
ain. In Western and Southern Europe 
the conditions were different, due to a 
two-fold action : the decline of the uni- 
fied power in the vast Roman state, 
and then the inflow of the Teutons and 
the mixing of the two sub-races. • It 
resulted in thousands of miniature 
ruling poivcrs : the Feudal system, a 
military organization in which there 
existed the relation of Lord and Vassal. 
Each unit was at the start a ruling 
power — a Sovereign State. In what is 
now France there at one time were 
150,000 of these miniature states. 

But as the chieftain was a Teuton 
there was absent the brutality and lust 
of the less advanced despots. The chron- 
icles of those days, however, were writ- 
ten by the conquered nationality, which 



somewhat accounts for the tales which 
they in some instances wrote and which 
have come down to us. 

As development proceeded these 
miniature ruling powers federated for 
self-protection or they were forcibly 
brought together. But invariaMy 
among these liberty-loving and cour- 
ageous communities they retained some 
degree of local self-government. This 
IS THE Federal System, the result of 
Federation — the coming together of 

PEOPLES OF self-governing STOCK. IN- 
VARIABLY THEY MUTUALLY AGREED THAT 
EACH COAfMUNITY SHOULD ATTEND TO 
SOME OF ITS OWN AFFAIRS. 

That was what took place in West- 
ern and Southern Europe, also among 
their colonies. This system had al- 
ready come into existence in South 
Britain, as we have seen. In the 
earlier sub-race the ruling power in 
both state and local affairs was in one 
individual or an oligarchy. The expla- 
nation of this system is that the peo- 
ple as a whole were so undeveloped 
that they were unable to trust one an- 
other — Representative Government was 
unknown. 

In the new Federal System the king 
was merely the head of the National 
Government or at most the absolute 
monarch merely in National affairs. 
The result has been that as education 
has been applied to this self-governing 
stock the 7nasses have more and more 
come into power, recently capturing the 
National Governm.ents in France, Bel- 
gium, South Germany, Austria, Italy, 
Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, 
Spain and Portugal. But as yet the 

MASSES THAT ARE A MIXTURE OF THE 
YELLOW AND THE WHITE RACES, LOCATED 

IN Prussia, Hungary, Russia, Bulga- 
ria AND Turkey, are not self-govern- 
ing. Therefore they in the forthcom- 
ing Federation of the World while en- 
joying equal national rights may need 
to be aided by the issuance of a Na- 
tional Constitution by the International 
Government guaranteeing to all citizens 
civil liberty — free institutions: freedom 
of conscience, free speech, free press. 



31 



etc. The democracies must provide 
this in order to put an end to competi- 
tion in armament, as well as to aid 
the less developed peoples. 

The development of the Federal Sys- 
tem to its present stage has been under 
governments wherein the people have 
not been fully self-governing. This has 
somewhat confused nearly all of the 
publicists. Most of them look upon 
the present-day proposal for Federal 
Government for a World State as plac- 
ing too much power in the International 
Government. In fact many proposals of 
this character are actually being made 
— suggestions for a World Parliament, 
an enlarged National Parliament, a 
place Vk^here public policies are to be 
threshed out. But nothing of the kind 

is to occur, BECAUSE THE NATIONS OF 
THE WORLD ARE EACH TO BE SELF-GOVERN- 
ING UNITS, INTENT UPON DEVELOPING 
THEIR OWN PECULIAR CIVILIZATION, THE 
INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT GUARANTEE- 
ING THIS VERY thing! 

This is President Wilson's idea, who 

says: 

"I am proposing . . . that every 
people should be left free to determine 
its own polity, its own way of develop- 
ment, unhindered, unthreatened, un- 
afraid, the little along with the great 
and powerful." 

Under such a system the function of 
the International Government will be : 

First, to mark out the Rights and 
Duties of Nations, plainly specifying 
that each nation retains the right to 
sovereignty within its boundaries on 
the basis of free institutions, also that 
it retains the right to enter into treaties 
except as limited in the international, 
constitution, and that these rights 

ARE GUARANTEED BY EACH OF THE OTHER 
nations of THE WORLD, ALL INTERNA- 
TIONAL DISPUTES TO BE SETTLED AMICA- 
BLY. 

Second, to declare that none of the 

RESERVED RIGHTS OF NATIONS SHALL BE 
ABRIDGED EXCEPT WITH THE CONSENT OF 
THE NATIONS THEMSELVES. ThiS iS the 

theory at present and it can be made 
a reality, at the same time ending the 



reign of force. It can be accomplished 
by installing Human Government in In- 
ternational Affairs. At present there 
is an abj^ence of government in these 
affairs, the result being anarchy and 
armed force and war. But as quickly 
as Government is established the result 
will be Civil Liberty — liberty under 
law. 

It is a mathematical proposition. The 
needed next step is now about to be 
taken, due to the fact that during the 
past eighteen years the people have 
come into power in the leading nations 
of the world and in this war have de- 
feated the attempt by the Autocracies 
to conquer them. The terms of peace 
by the triumphant Democracies is a de- 
mand for the extension of human gov- 
ernment to international relations on 
the basis of human liberty. Here are 
the five elements: 

1. Laws — real international law in 
place of the existing international 
ethics and the reign of force, an absence 
of government termed anarchy. 

2. A Legislative Department, strict- 
ly limited in its power, to consist of 
the National Governments which will 
instruct their representatives in the In- 
ternational Council. 

3. An Executive Department, prob- 
ably to be known as the International 
Council, in connection with suitable 
committees. 

4. A Judicial Department, without 
power to alter the international consti- 
tution. The members of this World 
Court will doubtless be appointed by 
the 'International Council, which will be 
subject to instructions by the National 
Governments. 

5. In each nation there will exist 
Free Institutions. 

These are the five elements in demo- 
cratic government — laws and three de- 
partments of government on the basis 
of free institutions, and this system is 
now about to be extended to interna- 
tional affairs. This is expressed as fol- 
lows by the board of trustees of the 
Carnegie Endowment for International 
Peace : 



32 



The Needed Next Step. 

"It seems incredible that after this 
the stricken people [of the world] will 
set their feet in the same old paths 
of policy and suspicion which must 
lead them again to the same result. 

"Finding expression through a great 
multitude of voices everywhere the gen- 
eral public opininn of manldnd should 
inffnenre the minds of the negotiators 
who settle the terms of peace and in- 
spire them to A NEW departure in the 

ESTABLISHMENT OF JUSTICE AS THE RULE 
OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. 

"While we must not be overconfident 
of our individual qualifications to point 
out the detailed methods through which 
the result may be accomplished, wo 
may still advocate measures which 
seem practicable and appropriate to the 
purpose. 

"We can see that definite rules of 
national conduct should be agreed 
upon: that a court of competent 
jurisdiction should be established to 
judge of national conformity to 
those rules : and that new sanctions 
should be provided to compel respect 
for the judgments rendered. [inter- 
NATIONAL Government.] 

"Above all. the motive and spirit of 

THE new institutions SHOULD BE 
clearly and FULLY, NOT THE PROMO- 
TION OF AMBITION OR THE EXTENSION OF 
POWER. BUT THE SAFEGUARDING OF HU- 
MAN Rights and the perfection of 
Individual Liberty. 

"Toward this high end the courage 
and hope and conviction of the hum- 
blest citizen of the most' distant land 
may contribute. 
Joseph H. Choate 
Andrew D. White 
John W. Foster 
Elihu Root 
Luke E. Wright 
Charlemagne Tower 
Robert S. Woodward 
Austen G. Fox 
Jacob G. Schmidlapp 
Thomas Burke 
Robert S. Brookings 
Oscar S. Straus 
Samuel IMather 
James L. Slayden 
John Sharp Williams 
Charles L. Taylor 
Henry S. Pritchett 
William M. Howard 



Cleveland H. Dodge 
Robert A. Franks 
George W. Perkins 
Nicholas Murray Butler 
Andrew J. Montague 
Arthur Wilijam Foster 
James Brown Scott."* 

Tliis is Liberalism in the highest de- 
gree ! The proposal is the extension of 
human government to international af- 
fairs on the basis of free institutions, 
in place of international anarchy and 
armed force and war. The dominant 
power that is to shape the interna- 
tional constitution is to be the Democ 
racies and their allies. 

The reason this government in inter- 
national affairs did not come sooner 
has been due to the fact that until the 
past few years the dominant earthly 
power on this globe has been Conserva- 
tive Governments — governments aiming 
to benefit the ruling few, holding the 
masses as subjects — apolitical slaves. But 
now the world is entering into a New 
Age — the Democratic Age, with its 
New Freedom. We have traced the 
rise of the democracies. This history 
clearly foretells the near-at-hand es- 
tablishment of the Federation of the 
World! Development is a law of Na- 
ture. The two warring Alliances are 
about to merge into one organization 
and in connection therewith all of the 
peoples who now are ruled by the few 
are to be freed. 

The feasibility of this program will 
more clearly appear by glancing 
through the following : 

World Situation. 

Owing to the dominance in the world 
of Democracies there is to he ended 
forthwith the rule of the few toherever 
it exists, along with the ending of com- 
petition hi armament and war. In other 
words, it means that real peace is to 
come to the warring nations through 
their consenting as follows : 

1. Their consenting to the freeing of 
all the captive nations. This in order to 

*A public statement under date of 
February 16, 1915, and reaffirmed each 
subsequent year. 



ss 



comply with tlie basic desire in democ- 
racies that all peoples shall be free; 
also to help make effective the pro- 
gram for ending the competition in ar- 
mament and war. 

2. Their consenting to the freeing of 
such of the other peoples as are ruled 
by the few, directly or indirectly — "ma- 
chine" rule in a make-believe democ- 
racy is more odious in some respects 
than an openly declared autocracy. 



3. Their consenting to the existence 
of small nations as well as the large 
ones. An(J 

4. Their consenting to the ending of 
competition in armament and war — the 
ending of militarism, which requires 
World Federation. 

Herewith are suggestions for an In- 
ternational constitution along the lines 
thus indicated. 



A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTION. 



We, the national states, whose names 
are hereunto affixed, in order to estab- 
lish freedom and justice throughout the 
world, agree as follows : 

Article I. Organisation. Hereby is 
established The World Federation, 
which shall act through a body of rep- 
resentatives to be known as the Inter- 
national Council. 

Article II. Powers of International 
Council. There shall l)e vested in the 
International Council the following 
powers : 

1. The power to administer the inter- 
national law agreed to in this constitu- 
tion, and such other international law 
as may be adopted, not including 
treaties except as stated in article four. 

2. The power to regulate the use of 
the high seas and all other of the 
waters surrounding the Eastern and the 
Western Hemispheres, including the 
Mediterranean and the Black Seas, also 
the international straits and canals. 

3. The power to frame proposals for 
international law and submit the same 
to the member national states, each 
proposal to dccome law hetween such 
of them as accept.'^ 

4. The power to submit to the mem- 
ber national states such proposals as 
one or more of their number may sug- 
gest, each suggestion filed with the 
International Council to be submitted 
promptly. Each issue thus submitted 
shall be accompanied with arguments 
for and against, prepared by two or 
more committees representing the op- 
posing sides. 

5. After five years the power to de- 

*For further details see Article III.. 
Section 2, page 35, below. 



cide from time to time the maximum 
volume of armament which the several 
nations may lawfully possess on the 
basis of population and wealth.* The 
ultimate aim shall be the disarmament 
of the world except for police duty. 
Immediately after the International 
Council is established each national 
state shall contribute thereto its quota 
of naval vessels and their inanimate 
equipment, or their equivalent in cash. 
The international navy shall amount to 
ten percentum of the world's navies. 
The quotas by the national states shall 
be on the basis of wealth. At any time 
the International Council may call upon 
the constituent states for aid by armed 
troops, on the basis of property as as- 
sessed for the raising of the ordinary 
taxes. When the International Coun- 
cil is established it, through its repre- 
sentatives, may from time to time in- 
spect the military, naval and police 
forces of the national states. 

6. In the exercise of the power of 
self-defense by the International Coun- 
cil, and of its power to administer -the 
obligations created by this compact, the 
control of the waters surrounding the 
national states and the co-operation of 

*Armame7it. Owing to the proposed 
Uheration of all captive nations and of 
all other suhject peoples, and their 
protection, there will be no disposition 
anywhere to build up armament, there- 
fore the terms of peace can provide 
that the existing armament, less five 

SHALL BE retained BY THOSE WHO 

POSSESS THEM, as this armament will 
be valuable merely as curiosities and 
as junk. See also pages 50, 54, 57, be- 
low. 



34 



such of the national states as agree 
with the Council, shall he deemed stiffi- 
cient to accomplish the desired end 

WITHOUT IN ANY WAY INVADING A RE- 
BELLIOUS STATE EXCEPT FOR A REFUSAL 
TO CONFORM TO THE LAW LIMITING THE 
VOLUME OF ARMAMENT.* 

7. The International Council shall 
protect each member national state 
from invasion, and, on the application 
to it by the legislative power of a 
national state, or by the executive au- 
thority when the legislative body is not 
in session, shall protect the said state 
from domestic violence.^ 

8. Upon request of the people of any 
considerable portion of a national state 
the International Council may apply 
within the state a constitution guaran- 
teeing free institutions and shall main- 
tain at least one administrative court 
wherein the constitutionality of the 
laws and the administration thereof 

"^Enforcement of Natiotial Obliga- 
tions. The mere declaration that a na- 
tional state refuses to abide by its obli- 
gation created by international law 
should be as far as the International 
Council should ordinarily go at the 
start. The people will be in power in 
all of the nations and the result will 
J)e that there will exist no incentive to 
build up an armament in violation of 
law. This factor is all-important. This 
tendency of self-governing people was 
pointed out in 1795 by Immanual Kant 
in his little volume. Perpetual Peace. 
The International Council can 
exert additional pressure gradually if 
necessary. The exportation of com- 
modities can be prohibited. Then both 
the exports and imports might be shut 
off. Another step would be to stop all 
communication with the outside world 
except with the International Council. 

^Protection of Politically Backward 
States. This provision and the suc- 
ceeding one are for the protection of 
politically backward peoples from mis- 
government within the state and from 
exploitation from without. If domes- 
tic violence is threatened the way will 
be open for protection by the Progres- 
sive International Government ; and in 
the next paragraph in the text is a 
provision that any considerable num- 
ber of people may apply to the Inter- 
national Council for protection. 



shall be determined, with right of ap- 
peal to the International Council. The 
protectorate shall be ended as rapidly 
as is practicable. 

The International Council shall 
issue a constitution for each of the 
colonies and shall maintain within each 
colony at least one administrative court 
upon the conditions named in the pre- 
ceding paragraph. 

Article III. Limitations Upon the 
International Council. Sec. 1. The only 
powers possessed by the International 
Council shall be such as are expressly 
conferred in this compact, and such 
implied powers as are reasonably nec- 
essary for the exercise of these express 
powers. 

Sec. 2. The right of each nation- 
al STATE TO internal SELF-GOVERNMENT 

IS EXPRESSLY RESERVED. It Shall iuclude 
the right to control immigration and 
emigration, control importation and ex- 
portation of goods of all kinds, and 
control communication within the state. 
Within its territorial area each nation- 
al states shall continue as a sovereign 
power.* 

Sec. 3. The basis of this Federation 
shall be equal rights before the law 
FOR THE CONSTITUENT STATES, their rep- 
resentation in the International Coun- 
cil to be as stated in article six, section 
one. A national state is a sovereign 
state except as limited by this Federa- 
tion. 

Sec. 4. The national states of the 
Western Hemisphere shall continue to 
decide among themselves the questions 
of policy which principally concern that 
hemisphere ;f and the national states 

^Sovereign Power. This internal 
sovereignty plus independence upon the 
seas and freedom from aggression from 
other nations will result in really 
Sovereign States except that no right 
will exist for any of the national states 
to secede, as that would at once pro,- 
duce competition in armament and the 
other evils which flow where there is 
an absence of government. Details are 
in later chapters. 

^Federation of American Repuhlics. 
There is in course of formation the 
New Pan-Americanism, a federation of 
American Republics. These American 
states should care for the questions of 
policy which arise between themselves, 
unhindered by the Old World ideals. 



35 



of the Eastern Hemisphere shall decide 
among themselves the questions of pol- 
icy which principally concern that hem- 
isphere.* 

Sec. 5. None of the states in the 
Eastern Hemisphere may acquire ter- 
ritory in the Western Hemisphere ex- 
cept with the consent of three-fourths 
of the national states thereon ; and no 
national state in the Western Hemis- 
phere shall acquire territory in the 
Eastern Hemisphere except with the 
consent of three-fourths of its national 
states. 

Article IV. Duties of National States. 
Each national state shall observe its 
oblis-ations. A non-observance shall bo 
a basis for a claim for settlement, and 
a statement describing the non-per- 
formance of an obligation may be filed 
with the judicial department of the In- 
ternational Council. Each judgment of 
the judicial department shall be en- 
forced if not voluntarily acquiesced in. 

Article V. Indcstructihilify. This 
World Federation shall be an inde- 
structible union of indestructible na- 
tional states except as national states 
shall mutually desire to unite or di- 
vide.** This constitution shaix be 

CHANGED ONLY IN THE MANNER SPECI- 
FIED IN PARAGRAPHS THREE AND FOUR 
IN ARTICLE TWO.f 

Article VI. Representation. Sec. 1. 
In the International Council, each na- 
tional state shall vote as a unit and 
the vote of each shall have a weight 
in proportion to its population and 
wealth, the latter to be the assessed 
valuation for international taxation.ff 

Sec. 2. In each national state its 

*Open Door in China. The above 
should be read in connection with the 
preceding provision that "The basis of 
this Federation shall be equal rights 
before the law for the constituent na- 
tional states." This of itself would in- 
sure the continuance of the "open 
door" in China, namely, equal rights 
to all nations in China's trade except 
as she herself without compulsion shall 
decree otherwise, the same as any 
other national state might do. 

**Mr. Asquith proposes a Confedera- 
tion (page 65, below). 

fSee also the succeeding note. 



counsellors in the International Coun- 
cil shall be elected by the legislative 



power. 



The National Government 



f-f Basis of Representatio7i. This basis 
01 populaiton and wealth tvill place 
the (lominancy in the progressive na- 
tions: whereas population alone or na- 
tional states alone would not. The wel- 
fare of the world requires that the 
progressive portion shall formulate the 
rules of international relationship. One 
of the features of this progressivism 
will be a provision in the constitution 
that none of the reserved rights of the 
national states shall be altered except 
with the consent of the several states. 
This ivill place in each of the politically 
dackivard states a veto power as to 
changes in its relations to the other 
nations. This complete reservation of 
national rights except as imbedded in 
the international constitution, is the 
British system, described at page 59, 
below. 

'^Election of Counsellors. Inasmuch 
as the National Governments of the 
world will determine the foreign pol- 
icies for their respective states, they 
should each elect their Counsellors sub- 
ject to instructions to them from time 
to time, and subject to recall. This 
was the system whereby the members 
of our Continental Congress were 
elected and served. In the present-day 
politically backward nations a system 
of voting by the citizens can be de- 
vised u'herehy the members of the Na- 
tional Government tvill be elected 'by 
the more advanced portions of the pop- 
ulation. The basis for voting in local 
affairs will doubtless be adult suffrage, 
both men and women, as the local con- 
ditions will be directly under their 
personal observation. For the next 
larger area, the county, the vote should 
be restricted somewhat. In the exer- 
cise of the franchise in connection with 
the state, the nation and the interna- 
tional state, there should exist an abil- 
ity to read intelligently. Self-govern- 
ment by the voters consists principally 
in selecting leaders. Some such grad- 
ation of voters plus the installation of 
suitable mechanism of government will 
make feasible self-government by the 
voters in India and China. The use 
of an official publicity pamphlet is in- 
dispensable in every nation. 



36 



may instruct its counsellors at will, 
and may recall them at will.* 

Sec. 3. In administering the inter- 
national law the International Council 
may delegate portions of its authority 
to committees and sub-committees, to 
be composed of. whoever it may select. 
In this manner the judicial and execu- 
tive authority shall be exercised.f 
Every dispute between the meml)er nu- 

* Instructions and Recall. This was 
the system under which the Thirteen 
Colonies conducted for eight years the 
War of the Revolution and, aided from 
abroad, they won. And within each of 
these colonies during these trying 
times the members of the several leg- 
islatures were subject to instructions 
by the voters — instructions at town 
meetings in the North, and at county 
conferences in 'the South. The mere 
existence of these systems whereby the 
voters might express their will was 
largely etfective. Because of the exist- 
ence of these systems whereby the plain 
people could express their will they 
succeeded in holding the rich tories in 
subjection. Because the people fouled 
they ivon the war. In the system pro- 
posed for the World Federation, the 
policy-forming bodies that are to dom- 
inate internationally will be the Na 
tional Governments directly i-epresent- 
iny the people. These governments will 
be located at the national capitals and 
will communicate their decisions to 
their representatives in the Interna- 
tional Council, who, therefore, will 
vote according to instructions ; also 
the members of the International Coun- 
cil may be recalled at will. They will 
resemble ambassadors. 

^Parliamentary Committees. Under 
Parliamentary Government the execu- 
tive authority is exercised through a 
committee, the Cabinet. Under the 
Swiss system the executive authoritj^ 
is vested in a committee, the members 
of which are elected by the Congress ; 
and during the W^ar of the Revolution 
in this country a committee of the Con- 
tinental Congress executed its man- 
dates. As to the exercise of judicial 
authority within the International 
Government, the details of the system 
should doubtless be left quite largely 
to the law-making department, the In- 
ternational Council. 



tional states shall be settled amicably. 

Article VII. Funds and Taxation. 
Sec. 1. The Government of the World 
Federation shall be supported by funds 
supplied by the constituent national 
states on the basis of population and 
wealth. To this end the International 
Council shall assess a direct tax. 

Sec. 2. In case the payments from 
the constituent national states shall 
not be sufficient to meet the expenses 
of the International Council and pay 
its appropriations, it may levy a tax 
upon the commerce which passes over 
the waters whereon it possesses juris- 
diction. 

Article VIII. International Capital. 
The international capital shall be near 
The Hague on an area of ground con- 
sisting of at lest one hundred square 
miles. Full title to this area and ex- 
clusive jurisdiction thereof shall be 
vested in the World Federation. In 
case the requirements herein specified 
are not complied with by the Nether- 
lands Government in two years from 
the date of the going into operation of 
this compact, the International Council 
sliall ask for bids for the location of 
the international capital and decide 
where it shall be located and upon 
what terms. Temporarily, at least, the 
capital shall be located at The Hague. 

Article IX. Additional Members. 
Additional members may be admitted 
to this Federation and the procedure 
shall be the affixing of a signature to 
a copy of this compact and filing it 
with the secretary of the International 
Council. 

Witness our signatures at the dates 
stated in connection therewith : 

(Signatures to be affixed.) 

Some such compact for the founding 
of the World Federation, with its Inter- 
national Government, is practicable, 
because at the end of this ivar the 
8 elf -Governing People are to dominate 
the wo7'ld and they are to estab- 
lish international civil liherty. This 
near-at-hand dominancy of the De- 
mocracies is the pivotal point. With 
the Democracies dictating the terms of 
peace in this present war they ivill in- 
sist upon the development of the next 
stage in human relations — the estab- 
lishment of government in international 



37 



relations. This in place of tlie absence 
of government, due to the undeveloped 
stage of humanity. Where government 
is absent the result is anarchy, and 
where government is absent between 
nations the result is international an- 
archy, the nations relying upon Armed 
Force — Militarism, with its competition 
in armament. 

Following is a summary and a com- 
parison : 

Summary and Comparison. 

1. World Liberation is about to take 
place, due to the coming into power 
of democracies and their allies. 

This is to take the place of the rule 
of the few, who have used their power 
selfishly and cruelly, fleecing the many 
and otherwise misusing them, holding 
them as subjects — political slaves. 
These selfish fere have not heen able 
to form for the world a single ruling 
power. At present there are 50 so- 
called Sovereign States, grouped into 
two competing alliances, and three- 
fourths of the people of the world are 
at war. This is due to the lack of 
governmental development. 

2. World Liberation is to be accom- 
plished by the recently established de- 
mocracies by installing a system of 
World Federation, with its liberty-giv- 
ing Federal Government. In this or- 
ganization the International Govern- 
ment is to consist of real Law, along 
with tliree departments of interna- 
tional government — Legislative, Execu- 
tive and Judicial Departments. The 
result will be the reign of Law — Civil 
Liberty. 

This in place of an absence of gov- 
ernment in international affairs — the 
existence of Anarchy as between sover- 
eign states, resulting in the reign of 
Force in international affairs, com- 
petition in Armament, Militarism. The 



so-called international law of to-day 
is merely International Ethics, wholly 
lacking in the elements of law, there 
being no marking out of the interna- 
tional relations by means of definitely 
agreed to rules international in scope, 
for the enforcement of" which there is 
an international government. It fol- 
lows that "the whole mass of interna- 
tional jurisprudence is mere opinion." 
This is the substance of the statement 
by John Austin, says the Encyclopaedia 
Britannica, and adds, "the distinction 
insisted upon by Austin is unimpeach- 
able." 

The forthcoming International Gov- 
ernment is to take the place of (1) 
The Hague Conferences, a system of 
meetings between make-believe sover- 
eign states: (2) to take the place of 
Competition in Armament; and (3) 
take the place of the occasional Hague 
Arbitrations, a system whereby settle- 
ments have been made between these 
so-called sovereign states, there being 
wholly lacking the elements of ju- 
dicial settlement such as exists where 
government is present. In the words 
of Elihu Root, "The lack of an ade- 
quate system of law to be applied has 
been the chief obstacle to the develop- 
ment of judicial settlement of interna- 
tional disputes [under the existing 
regime].*" 

3. No Jialf-way ho.use will be effec- 
tive. The evil being the ahsence of 
International Government, the remedy 
is the establishment of International 
Government. 

In conclusion we enumerate the main 
points in the World Liberation program 
as a whole and present some of the 
very recent utterances of the govern- 
ments of the United States and Great 
Britain : 

*The Outlook for International Law, 
pp. 10, 1916. 



WORLD LIBERATION PROGRAM AS A WHOLE. 



1. The freeing of the captive na- 
tions of the entire world, and the free- 
ing of alf, others who are ruled hy the 
few. This because democracies insist 



upon freedom for others as well as 
themselves ; also in order to end the 
competition in armament between them- 
selves. 



38 



In the words of President Wilson in 
the concluding portion of his War Aims 
message to Congress on January 8, 
1918: 

"An evident principle runs through 
the whole program I have outlined. 
It is the principle of justice to all 

PEOPLES AND NATIONALITIES, AND THEIR 
RIGHT TO LIVE ON EQUAL TERMS OF 
LIBERTY AND SAFETY WITH ONE ANOTHER, 
WHETHER THEY BE STRONG OR WEAK, 

Unless this principle be made its 
foundation no part of the structure of 
international justice can stand. The 
people of the United States could act 
upon no other principle ; and to the 
vindication of this principle they are 
ready to devote their lives, their honor 
and everything that they possess. The 

MORAL CLIMAX OF THIS, THE CULMINAT- 
ING AND FINAL WAR FOR HUMAN LIBERTY, 

HAS COME, and they are ready to put 
their otvn strength, their oivn highest 
pu7'pose, their otvn integrity and devo- 
tion to the test." 

To the same effect is Premier Lloyd 
George's statement of War Aims, Janu- 
ary 5, 1918: 

"When men by the millions are called 
upon to suffer and die, and vast popu- 
lations are being subjected to the suf- 
ferings and privations of a war un- 
precedented in the history of the world 
they are entitled to know for what 
cause or causes they are making the 
sacrifices. Only the clearest, great- 
est AND JUSTEST OF CAUSES COULD JUS- 
TIFY THE CONTINUANCE EVEN FOR A DAY 
OF THIS UNSPEAKABLE AGONY OF NA- 
TIONS." And the premier proceeded to 
describe the British War Aims : 

"We are not fighting a war of ag- 
gression against the German people. . . 
We are not fighting to destroy Austria- 
Hungary or to deprive Turkey of its 
capital or the rich lands of Asia Minor 
and Thrace, which are predominately 
Turkish. . . We are not fighting to 
destroy the German constitution, al- 
though we consider a military, auto- 
cratic constitution a dangerous anach- 
ronism. . . 

"The first requirement always made 
by the British and their allies have 
been the complete restoration, political, 
territorial, and economic, of the inde- 
pendence of Belgium and such repara- 



tion as can be made for the devastation 
of its towns and provinces." 

The same kind of restoration and 
reparation be demanded for Serbia, 
Montenegro and the occupied parts of 
France, Italy and Iloumania ; the 
restoration of Alsace and Lorraine to 
France ; the reunion of the Italian 
people, and of the Roumanian people ; 
an indepedent Poland ; genuine self- 
government on democratic principles 
for the captive nations in Austria-Hun- 
gary ; the establishment of separate 
nations in Arabia, Armenia, Mesopo- 
tamia, Syria and Palestine, along with 
internationalization and neutralization 
of the Mediterranean, the Black Seas 
and the passage between them ; the 
future of the German colonies to be 
decided at an international conference 
at which the wishes and interests of 
the natives will receive the prime con- 
sideration ; and reparation for injuries 
in violation of international law. The 
principle throughout it all being, he 

says, "GOVERNMENT WITH THE CON- 
SENT OF THE GOVERNED" ; ALSO THAT 

TREATIES SHALL BE UPHELD. Additional 
words by the premier to this effect we 
will presently quote. 

2. Another principle that is to pre- 
vail is to be Equal National Rights. In 
the words of President Wilson above 
quoted : "All peoples and nationalities" 
should possess the "right to live on 
equal terms of liberty and safety with 
one another, whether they be strong 
or weak." 

To the same effect are the repeated 
statement by the British Government. 

3. Still another principle is the 
Sanctity of Treaties — the inviolability 
of contractual obligations between hu- 
man governments. This requires the 
establishment of International Govern- 
ment and then the peaceful settlement 
of all international disputes, otherwise 
there will be competition in armament 
and the rule of the strong. 

4. International Government : 

(a) For the regulation of the high 
seas and the international straits and 
channels there must be established 



39 



REAL International Law in combina- 
tion WITH AN International Govern- 
ment — legislative, executive and ju- 
dicial. This government may consist of 
the National Governments represented 
at some central point by ambassadors, 
termed, for example, counsellors. 

(b) B'or the peaceful settlement of 
all disputes hetiveen nations there 

MUST FIRST BE MARKED OUT THEIR LAW"- 
FUL RIGHTS AND DUTIES — A NEW THING 

IN THE WORLD. Up to the prcseut day 
some of the strong nations have re- 
fused to consent to the marking out of 
their rights, prefering to leave their 
future rights to the strength of their 
military power. Added to this mark- 
ing out of rights and duties will be a 
provision that each of the international 
disputes must he settled amicably, 
otherwise there will continue competi- 
tion in armament and might will rule. 

(c) In the marking out of rights and 
duties of nations there will he reserved 
to each national state its Internal 
Sovereignty, except that after five 
years, say, the National Governments 
of the icorld, operating in international 
affairs through an International Coun- 
cil, may from tim^e to time limit the 
maximum volume of armament ivhich 
the several nations may lawfully 
imssess on the basis of population and 
ivcalth (page 34, above). 

In the words of Premier Lloyd 
George on January 5, 1918, in conclud- 
ing his statement of Great Britain's 
war aims : 

"One regrettable omission we no- 
tice in the Central Powers' proposals. 
We believe that a great attempt must 
be made to establish a great interna- 
tional organization as a means of set- 
tling international disputes. War is a 
relic of barbarism, and, as law has 
succeeded violence in the settlement of 
individuals' disputes, so it is destined 

TO SETTLE NATIONAL CONTROVERSIES. 

"We are fighting for a just and last- 
ing peace. Three conditions must be 
fulfilled — first, the sanctity of treaties 
must be re-established ; second, terri- 
torial settlement must be based on the 
right of self-determination — the con- 
sent of the governed : lastly, the crea- 



tion of an international organization to 
limit armaments and diminish the 
probability of war. 

"To secure these conditions the 
British Enapire is prepared to make 
even greater sacrifices." 

The four main points that are spread 
out over the preceding page are de- 
mands for — 

Free Peoples; 

Equal National Rights; 

Sanctity of National Obligations, and 

International Government, to consist 
of real International Law and three 
departments of government — Legisla- 
tive, Executive and Judicial Depart- 
ments. This law and the departments 
of international government are surely 
to be established in the peace treaty, 
because of the dominancy of Democra- 
cies. Therefore the world's statesmen 
should squarely face the issue and ac- 
cept it, as have the British Liberals 
(pages 42, 65, below), including the 
British Labor party (page 66, below) ; 
also the French Chamber of Deputies 
(page 8, above), the French Federa- 
tion of Labor (page 65, below), and 
the United States (pages 44, 45, 48, 50, 
below). Something of President Wil- 
son's latest statement we have just 
quoted (page 39) and he also says: 

"The program of World Peace, there- 
fore, is our program, the only possible 
program. As we see it it is this: 

''XIV. A general association of na- 
tions must be formed under specific 
covenants for the purpose of affording 
mutual guarantees of political inde- 
pendence and territorial integrity to 
great and small states alike." 

Thus by means of "specific covenants" 
the national rights are to be marked 
out, and these covenants are to be en- 
forced. There is to be no room for 
undefined national rights, as at pres- 
ent; and all disputes must be settled 
peacefully — no more competition in 
armament. In the words of paragraph 
IV of President Wilson's proposal: 

"Adequate guarantees [are to be] 
taken that national armaments will he 
reduced to the lowest point consistent 
with DOMESTIC safety." 



40 



Part IV. 



DEVELOPMENT OF TO-DAY'S PROGRAM FOR WORLD LIBERATION. 



In the year 1795, at a time when 
the people of the United States had 
demonstrated the entire practicability 
of their own self-government, and that 
the federation of theretofore sovereign 
states was practicable, resulting in civil 
liberty and its orderly peace, there was 
published in Prussia a small volume 
entitled in our language Perpetual 
Pence. The author was the scientist 
and philosopher, Immanual Kant, 
whose grandfather on his father's side 
was Scotch. Located as Kant was in 
a land ruled by an absolute monarch, 
he was obliged to be discreet in his 
wording. . In one of the sections he 
points out that where the people's in- 
terests are represented in the govern- 
ment there is, as far as consistent, an 
avoidance of war, whereas it might be 
to the interest of a king to order a war. 
Kant saw the tendency in the world 
towards higher and higher stages for 
mankind and he looked ahead to a 
time when throughout the world the 
People should rule, and, therefore, that 
they would develop a world-wide Inter- 
national Government,'^ to he followed 
by Perpetual Peace. 

In 1842, in England, the seer whom 
we know as Alfred Tennyson, penned 
the poem Locksley Hall, wherein he 
prophesied the coming of "The Parlia- 
ment of Man, the Federation of the 
World," with the whole wide earth 
"lapt in universal law." He also saw 
that the change would come in war in 
which the People were to win and 

*Kant, in his Philosophy of Laiv, sec- 
tion Gl. says: "It is only by a Con- 
gress of this kind [founded upon a po- 
litical constitution, as is the United 
States] that the idea of a Public Right 
of Nations can be established, and that 
the settlement of their differences by 
the mode of civil process and not by the 
barbarous means of war, can be 
realized." 



that they would continue as self-gov- 
erning sovereigns. He said : 

"For I dipt into the future, far as 

human eye could see. 
Saw the vision of the world, and all 

the wonders that would be; 

Saw the heavens filled with commerce, 
argosies of magic sails, 

Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping 
down with costly bales ; 

Heard the heavens filled with shout- 
ing, and there rained a ghastly 
dew 

From the nations' airy navies grap- 
pling in the central blue; 

Far along the world-wide whisper of 
the south-wind rushing warm. 

With the standards of the peoples 
plunging through the thunder- 
storm ; 

Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, 

and the battle-flags were ftirled 
In the Parliament of Man, the Fed- 
eration of the World. 

There the common-sense of most shall 
hold a fretful world in awe, 

And the kindly earth shall slumber, 
lapt in universal law." 

These lines have been a great inspira- 
tion to mankind. 

At the time that Tennyson wrote the 
foregoing the idea of the development 
of mankind was existent among the 
more thoughtful scholars for the pages 
of history demonstrated it; but the 
process of development was as yet only 
dimly seen. In 1859 the keen-sighted 
student, Charles Darwin, published the 
book upon which he had been working 
for twenty-five years, demonstrating 
something of the process whereby the 
physical bodies of living beings have 
been developed, the title of the volume 
being. The Origin of Species. Gradually 
the idea of development as a law of 



41 



nature was accepted by the scientists, 
as it had been accepted by the pliilos- 
ophers, supplanting the idea that each 
species of organic being in our world 
had been specially created. 

In 1889 was published a volume en- 
titled The State, presenting in terse 
analytical form the history of the de- 
velopment of man's activities in the 
field of Government. This volume was 
the first of its kind of any considerable 
size. It traced the rise of human gov- 
ernment. The preface says: "In pre- 
paring this volume I labored under the 
disadvantage of having no model. So 
far as I was able to ascertain, no text- 
book of like scope and purpose had 
hitherto been attempted." The author 
is Woodrow Vv^ilson, Ph. D., President 
of the United States, at that time Pro- 
fessor of History and Political Econ- 
omy, Wesleyan University. 

We now pass to the year 1914 and 
present some of the declarations by 
the governments of the Allies. 

Declarations by the Allies, 1914. 

Preliminary to doing so we present 
the treaty of alliance which took the 
place of the entente cordial. Five weeks 
after the outbreak of the war the fol- 
lowing formal treaty was signed by 
the parties named herein : 

"The British, French, and Russian 
Governments mutually engage not to 
conclude peace separately during the 
present war. The three governments 
agree that when terms of peace come to 
l)e discussed no one of the Allies will 
demand terms of peace loitUout the 
previous agreement of each of the 
other Allies.'' 

Later the parties to this program in- 
cluded at least three other govern- 
ments: the Japanese, Serbian and Ital- 
ian Governments. 

Time after time the Prime Ministers 
in Great Britain and France have pub- 
licly declared their Government's aims 
in the war. Mr. Asquith, in a speech at 
the Guildhall, London, November 9, 
1914, the first year of the war, stated 
more explicitly than he had yet done 
Great Britain's aims: 



"We shall never sheathe the sword 
which we have not lightly drawn until 
Belgium recovers in full measure all, 
and more than all, that she has sacri- 
ficed, unt^l France is adequately se- 
cured against the menace of aggression, 
until the rights of the smaller nation- 
alities of Euroi^e are placed upon an 
unassailable foundation, and until the 
military domination of Prussia is 

WHOLLY AND FINALLY DESTROYED." 

Here are four very important prop- 
ositions. 

At the assembling of the French 
Parliament, December 22, 1914, M. 
Viviani, the premier, in the miiusterial 
declaration read to the Chamber of 
Deputies, said : 

"Since, in spite of their attachment 
to peace, France and her Allies have 
been obliged to endure war, they will 
wage it to the end. Faithful to the 
signature which she set to tlie Treaty 
of September 4 last, in which she en- 
gaged her honour — that is to say, her 
life — France, in accord with her Allies, 
will not lay down her arms until she 
has avenged outraged right, regained 
forever the provinces torn from her 
by force, restored to heroic Belgium 
the fullness of her material prosperity 
and her political independence, and, 
broken Prussian militarism, so that on 
the basis of justice she may rebuild a 
regenerated Europe." 

It is clear that both the French and 
the British Governments this early in 
the war were agreed that Prussian 
Militarim must he hroken, and the Brit- 
ish asserted that it must be "wholly and 
finally destroyed." 

How best can the military domina- 
tion of Prussiri be "wholly and finally 
detroyed?" The British idea was stated 
by the Prime Minister, Mr. Asquith. 
in a speech September 25, 1914, three 
weeks after the signing of the treaty 
between the Allies. He said : 

Maintenance of Public Right. 

"I should like beyond this inquiry 
into causes and motives, to ask your 
attention and that of my fellow-coun- 
trymen to the end which, in this war, 
we ought to keep in view. Forty-four 
years ago, at the time of the war of 



42 



1870, Mr. Gladstone used these words, 
lie said : 'The greatest triumph of our 
time will he the enthronement of the 
idea of puhlie right as the governing 
idea of European polities.' Nearly fifty 
years have passed. Little progress, it 
seems, has as yet heen made towards 
that good and heneficent change, but 
it seems to be now at this moment as 
good a definition as we can have of our 
European policy — the idea of Public 
Right. What does it mean when trans- 
lated into concrete terms? It means 
first and foremost, the clearing of the 
ground by the definite repudiation of 
Militarism as the governing factor in 
the relation of states and of the fu- 
ture moulding of the European world, 
it means next that room must be 
found and kept for the independent 
existence and the free development of 
the smaller nationalities, each with a 
corporate consciousness of its own. 
Belgium, Holland, Switzerland and the 
Scandinavian countries, Greece and the 
Balkan States — they must be recog- 
nized as having exactly as good a title 
as their powerful neighbors, more pow- 
erful in strength and in wealth, 'to a 
place in the sun.' And it means finally, 
or it ought to mean, perhaps, by a 
slow and gradual process, the substitu- 
tion of force, for the class of competing 
ambition, for groupings and alliances 
and a precarious equipoise, for a real 
European partnership based on the 
recognition of the equal rights, and 
established and enforced by a com- 
MON WILL. [The Federation of 
Europe.] A year ago that would have 
sounded like a Utopian idea. It is 
probably one that may not, or will 
not be realized either to-day or to-mor- 
row. But when this war is decided 
in favor of the Allies it will at 

ONCE come WITHIxN THE RANGE AND BE- 
FORE LONG WITHIN THE GRASP OF EURO- 
PEAN STATESMANSHIP." 

This prophetic utterance was made 
during the second month of the war. 
Notice that the proposal is for Inter- 
national Government — the existence of 
"a common will" ; also on the demo- 
cratic basis of Equal Rights. Later in 
the war this idea was expanded into 
a plan for the Commonwealth of Na- 
tions — the Federation of the World. 

Three days after the British Liberal 



leader had declared the Government's 
position, the Conservative Leader, Mr. 
Bonar Law, endorsed the plan. He 
used different words, saying: 

"We have no desire to humiliate the 
German people, but we are determined 
that this war, with all the cruel suffer- 
ing which it has entailed and will en- 
tail, shall not be fought in vain. We 
are determined that in our time and in 
that of our children never again shall 

THAT dread spectre, WHICH HAS 

haunted us like a nightmare, have 

POWER TO FRIGHTEN. We hClVB put OUV 

hand to the ploio, and we ivill not 
turn hack until toe have made sure that 
the law not of Might hut of Right, that 
the laiv not of Force hut of Humanity 
and Justice, is the law which- must 

GOVERN the world." 

This statement is clear-cut and 
definite, supporting the declaration by 
the head of the party in power. 

Fourteen months later a Conserva- 
tive leader, Arthur Balfour, voiced the 
opposite view — the Conservative pro- 
gram — saying : 

"Are the powerful always going to 
trample on the weak? Is the fate of 
the small nations always to be a mis- 
erable fate? To me, and I believe to 
all men of English speech, wherever 
they live, to whatever nation they may 
belong, it seems that the future of our 
race — the international future of our 
race — lies in, so far as possible, spread- 
ing WIDE THE GRIP AND POWER OF INTER- 
NATIONAL LAW, OF RAISING MORE AND 
MORE THE DIGNITY OF TREATIES BETWEEN 
STATES, MORE AND MORE STRIVING THAT 
CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN STATES tllOSC 

small causes of friction which arise 
between different governments, as 
they arise in any community be- 
tween individuals — should be de- 
cided, NOT by THE sword, BUT BY ARBI- 
TRATION. That is the ideal which we 
hold. That is the idea which we wish 
to see grow in all parts of the world. 
That is the ideal which, with every 
contumely, every mark of contempt and 
derision, the Germans trample under 
foot both in theory and in practice." 

Note carefully the words of limita- 
tion : "so far as possible," implying the 
reservation of non- justiciable issues 
from arbitration. This means the con- 
tinuance of the existing Sovereign 



43 



states — an absence of International 
Government. 

Attitude of the United States, 1916. 

Twenty months after Premier 
Asquith announced to the world the 
proposed Federation of Europe and the 
end of militarism, an announcement 
was made by President Wilson. He did 
so at the closing banquet of the first 
annual meeting of the League to En- 
force Peace, and said : 

"This great war in Europe which 
broke out so suddenly upon the world 
two years ago and has swept within its 
flames so great a part of the civilized 
world, has affected us very profoundly, 
and we are not only at liberty, it is 

PERHAPS OUR DUTY TO SPEAK VERY 
FRANKLY OF IT AND OF THE GREAT IN- 
TERESTS OF CIVILIZATION WHICH IT AF- 
FECTS. . . . 

"We are participants, whether we 
would or not, in the life of the world. 
The interests of all nations are our 
own also. We are partners with the 
rest. What affects mankind is in- 
evitably OUR AFFAIR AS WELL AS THE 

affair of the nations of europe and 
Asia. . . . 

"Repeated utterances by the leading 
statesmen of most of the great nations 
engaged in the war have made it plain 
that their thought has come to this, 
that the principle of Public Right must 
henceforth take precedence over the in- 
dividual interests of the particular na- 
tions, AND THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD 
MUST IN SOME WAY BAND THEMSELVES 
TOGETHER TO SEE THAT THE RIGHT PRE- 
VAILS AS AGAINST ANY SORT OF SELFISH 

AGGRESSION — that hcuceforth alliance 
must not be set up against alliance, un- 
derstanding against understanding, but 
that there must be a common agree- 
ment for a common object, and that at 
the heart of that common object must 

lie THE INVIOLABLE RIGHTS OF PEOPLES 
AND OF MANKIND. 

"The nations of the world have be- 
come each other's neighbors. It is to 
their interest that they should under- 
stand each other. In order that they 
may understand each other, it is im- 
perative that they should agree to co- 
operate in a common cause, and that 
they should so act that the guiding 
principle of that common cause shall 
he even-handed and impartial Justice. 



"This is undoubtedly the thought of 
America. This is what we ourselves 

WILL SAY WHEN THERE COMES PROPER 

OCCASION TO SAY IT. In the dealings of 
nations with one another arbitrary 
force must he rejected, and we must 
move forward to the thought of the 
modern world, the thought of which 
peace is the very atmosphere. That 
thought constitutes a chief part of the 
passionate conviction of America. 

"We believe these fundamental 
things : 

''First, that every people has a right 
to choose the sovereignty under which 
they shall live [government by the con- 
sent of the governed]. Like other na- 
tions, we have ourselves no doubt once 
and again offended against that princi- 
ple when for a little while controlled by 
selfish passion, as our franker histor- 
ians have been honorable enough to 
admit; but it has become more and 
more our rule of life and action. 

''Second, that the small states of the 
world have a right to enjoy the same 
respect for their sovereignty and for 
their territorial integrity that great 
and powerful nations expect and insist 
upon. And, 

"Third, that the world has a right 
to he free from every disturbance of its 
peace that has its origin in aggression 
and disregard of the rights of peoples 
and nations. 

"So sincerely do we believe in these 
things that I am sure that I speak the 
mind and wish of the people of Amer- 
ica when I say that the United States 
IS willing to become a partner in any 

FEASIBLE association OF NATIONS 
formed in order to realize THESE OB- 
JECTS AND MAKE THEM SECURE AGAINST 
VIOLATIONS. 

"There is nothing that the United 
States wants for itself that any other 
nation has. We are willing, on the 
contrary, to limit ourselves along with 
them to a prescribed course of duty 
and respect for the rights of others 
ivhich will check any selfish passion 
of our oivn, as it will check any aggres- 
sive impulse of theirs." 

This declaration is ideal. It pledges 
to work for the ideal but does not name 
the system,- as that would have forth- 
with resulted in vehement controversy, 



a 



for as yet nearly all of the statesmen 
were unprepared for this next step. 

An all-important fact is that the fore- 
going declaration by the head of the 
United States Government is squarely 
in line with the policy pursued by him 
towards the American Republics (pages 
75-76, below). This brotherly atti- 
tude towards the other American Re- 
publics is a demonstration that the 
United States Government is no longer 
controlled by the selfish interests — 
those who are inclined to engage in 
conquest. Details are in a later 
chapter. 

President Wilson, shortly after he 
had delivered the foregoing epoch-mak- 
ing address, in a speech on Decoration 
Day. said : 

"I have stated that I believe that the 
people of the United States are ready 
to become partners in an alliance of 
the nations that would guarantee pub- 
lic right above selfish aggression. Some 
of the public prints have reminded me, 
as I needed to be reminded, of what 
General Washington warned us against. 
He warned us against entangling alli- 
ances. 

"I shall never myself consent to an 
entangling alliance ; but would gladly 
assent to a disentangling alliance, an 
alliance which would disentangle the 
peoples of the world from those com- 
binations in which they seek their own 
separate and private interests, and 

UNITE TPIE PEOPLE OF THE WORLD TO 
PRESERVE THE PEACE OF THE WORLD UPON 
A BASIS OF COMMON RIGHT AND JUSTICE. 

There is liberty there; not limitation. 
There is freedom, not entanglement. 
There is the achievement of the high- 
est things for which the United States 
has declared its principles." 

One month later President Wilson as 
the head of the party in power wrote 
a preliminary draft of its platform and 
the National Convention adopted the 
following plank : 

Democratic Party's Pledge. 

"We hold that it is the duty of the 
United States to use its power not only 
to make itself safe at home, but also to 
make secure its just interests through- 
out the world, and both for this end 
and in the interest of humanity to as- 



sist the world in securing settled peace 
and justice. 

"We believe that every people has 
the right to choose the sovereignty 
under which it shall live [government 
with the consent of the governed] ; that 
the small states of the world have the 
right to enjoy from other nations the 
same respect lor their sovereignty and 
for their territorial integrity that great 
and powerful nations expect and insist 
upon ; that the world has a right to 6e 
free from every disturJ)ance of its peace 
that has its origin in aggression or dis- 
regard of the rights of peoples and na- 
tions; and we believe that the time has 
come when it is the duty of the United 
States to join with the other nations of 
the world in any feasible association 
that ivill effectively serve these prin- 
ciples and 'maintai7i inviolate the com- 
plete security of the highivays of the 
seas for the common unhindered use of 
all nations.'' 

This was the declaration of the party 
in power in the United States in 1916, 
This pledge by the majority party in 
the United States Government marked 
the beginning of a new age in the 
vorld. It meant that the party in 

POWER IN a LEADING NATION OF EARTH 

pledged itself to go forward to 
World Peace and Justice, along with 
THE Allies, provided the voters at 

THE POLLS should RE-ELECT ITS NOMI- 
NEES. These nominees were mostly re- 
elected and at the proper time will 
undoubtedly carry out their pledge. 
The imperative need, however, for end- 
ing the competition in armament should 
cause the vote to be non-partisan and 
unanimous. 

The ending of competition in arma- 
ment was specifically declared for by 
the Democratic Government of the 
United States in its Naval Appropria- 
tion Act of 1916, signed by the Presi- 
dent on August 29, 1916.* This pro- 

*This law of 1016, approved by the 
President on August 29, declares: "It 
is hereby declared to be the policy of 
the United States to adjust, and settle 
its international disputes through mc 
diation or arbitration, to the end that 
war may be honorably avoided. It 
looks with apprehension and disfavor 



45 



gram for world peace in connection 
with military and naval preparedness 
is termed Preparedness Plus. We have 
compared it with the program of the 
opposition party.* 

upon a general increase of armament 
throughout the world, hut it realizes 

that NO SINGLE NATION CAN DISARM, and 

that without a common agreement 
upon the subject every considerable 

POWER MUST maintain A RELATIVE 
STANDING IN MILITARY STRENGTH. 

"In view of the premises, the Presi- 
dent is authorized and requested to in- 
vite, at an appropriate time, not later 
than the close of the war in Europe, 
all the great Governments of the world 
to send representatives to a confer- 
ence which shall be charged with the 
duty of formulating a plan for a court 

OF ARBITRATION OR OTHER TRIBUNAL, tO 

which disputed questions between na- 
tions shall be referred for adjudication 

and PEACEFUL settlement, AND TO CON- 
SIDER THE QUESTION OF DISARMAMENT 

and submit their recommendation to 
their respective Governments for ap- 
proval. The President is hereby au- 
thorized to appoint nine citizens of the 
United States, who, in his judgment, 
shall be qualified for the mission by 
eminence in the law and by devotion 
to the caue of peace, to be represen- 
tatives of the United States in such a 
conference. * * * Two hundred 
thousand dollars, or so much thereof 
as may be necessary, is hereby appro- 
priated and set aside and placed at the 
disposal of the President to carry into 
effect the provisions of this paragraph. 

"If at any time before the construc- 
tion authorized by this Act shall have 
been contracted for there shall have 
been established, with the co-operation 
of the United States of America, an 
international tribunal or tribunals com- 
petent to secure peaceful determina- 
tions of ALL international disputes, and 

WHICH SHALL RENDER UNNECESSARY THE 
MAINTENANCE OF COMPETITIVE ARMA- 
MENTS, then and in that case such 
naval expenditures as may be incon- 
sistent with the engagements made in 
the establishment of such tribunal or 
tribunals may be suspended, when so 
ordered by the President of the United 
States." 



Further Statements by the British 
Liberal Government, 1916 

After Pfesident Wilson had made 
his declaration and the party in power 
in this country had in substance de- 
clared for World Federation, in Eng- 
land another statement was made by 
Premier Asquith squarely committing 
the British Liberal Government to the 
same program. This was at the begin- 
ning of the third year of the war, 
August 1, 1916. He said: 

"Early in the war I quoted a sen- 
tence which Mr. Gladstone used in 
1870. 'The greatest triumph of our 
time,' he said, 'will be the enthrone- 
ment of the idea of public right as the 
governing idea of European policies.' 
Mr. Gladstone worked all his life for 
that noble purpose, but he did not live 
to see its attainment. By the victory 
of the Allies the enthronement of puh- 
lic right here in Europe will pass from 
the domain of ideals and of aspiration 

INTO THAT OF CONCRETE REALITIES. 

" 'What does public right mean?' he 
continued. 'I will tell you what I un- 
derstand it to mean — an equal level of 
opportunity and of independence as be- 
tween small States and great States; 
as between weak and strong safe- 
guards, resting upon the common loill 
of Europe — and / hope NOT OF EU- 
ROPE ALONE — against aggression; 
against international covetness and 
BAD faith; against the wanton re- 
course IN CASE of dispute TO THE USE 
OF force AND THE DISTURBANCE OF THE 
PEACE ; AND, FINALLY, AS A RESULT OF IT 

ALL, A GREAT PARTNERSHIP OF 
NATIONS, FEDERATED TOGETHER 

IN THE JOINT PURSUIT OF A FREER AND 
FULLER LIFE FOR THE COUNTLESS MIL- 
LIONS WHO BY THEIR EFFORTS AND THEIR 
SACRIFICES, GENERATION AFTER GENERA- 
TION, MAINTAIN PROGRESS AND ENRICH 
THE INHERITANCE OF HUMANITY.' " 

On October 23, 1916, the British Sec- 
retary of State for Foreign Affairs, 
Lord Grey, in an address to the repre- 
sentatives of the foreign press in Lon- 
don, said: 

"What is the spirit in which the war 

*The publication is a 64-page pam- 
phlet. It was issued during the 1916 
national campaign in the United States. 
Price 10 cents. 



46 



is being curried on by the Allies and 
ourselves to-day? I take it from the 
words of the Prime JNlinister the other 
day : 'We shall fight until we have es- 
tablished the supremacy of Right over 
Force, Free Development under Equal 
Conditions, each in accordance with its 
own genius of all states, great and 
small, ^vhich huild up the family of 
civilized mankind.' " 

This describes International Govern- 
ment, as also does the pledge for the 
Federation of the World. 

Change in British Cabinet, December, 
1916. 

Democracies experience great diffi- 
culty in a hard-fought war until they 
learn that the exercise of the war- 
power requires a two-fold division of 
activities by the people's representa- 
tives : the legislative department of the 
government should shape the broad 
policies, while a small executive body 
or a single great leader should apply 
the agreed-upon policies. In Great 
Britain and France during this war the 
executive body was too large for more 
than two years, resulting disastrously 
at times. Then David Lloyd George, 
one of the successful executives, insist- 
ed that Britain's day-by-day war policy 
should be shaped by a committee of 
five, of whom two should not he charged 
ivith other duties. George further in- 
sisted that the then premier, the Rt. 
Hon. Herbert H. Asquith, should not 
be a member of that War Committee. 
The premier resigned and then with- 
out holding an election of the members 
of the Commons, due to the war, the 
King invited the opposition leader, lit. 
Hon. Bonar Law, to form a cabinet 
He declined and the King invited 
Lloyd George, the Liberal, to form a 
government. He accepted and succeed- 
ed in forming a ministry which to the 
present writing has received the sup- 
port of a majority in the Commons. 
The War Committee consists of the 
premier, one member of the Labor 
Party and three members of the Union- 
ist party — the conservatives. But the 
war problems are handled principally 



by the premier and the labor member, 
they being the two who are not heads 
of other departments. The Cabinet 
consists of thirty-three members, a ma- 
^jority of whom are Unionists. 

For twelve months this Coalition 
Ministry has conducted the war and 
with remarkable efficiency. In France, 
too, a change to a small War Commit- 
tee was established December, 1916, 
along with the issuance of decrees 
where quick action is needed. In Italj' 
early in the war a Coalition Govern- 
ment was formed; and on June 19, 
1916, a reorganization placed the Con- 
servative leader as Premier, along with 
four of his party associates, and rep- 
resentatives of each of the other par- 
ties. 

Under this regime of Coalition Gov- 
ernments, which has continued for 
thirteen months, they have professed 
to stand for the splendid program for 
World Liberation announced by the 
United States (pages 6-8, above), hut 
they have failed to prom,ise liheration 
to their oivn captive nations, and they 
have failed to renounce their treaties 
amongst themselves for conquest in the 
Central Empires (page 62, below). This 
reactionary conduct by these Coalition 
Governments has produced wide-spread 
disaster for their people (page 65, be- 
low). 

feliortly after these Coalition Gov- 
ernments came into power, they, on 
January 10, 1917, in a joint note to 
the United States, answered President 
Wilson's inquiry as to their war aims, 
accepting the program of the preceding 
British Liberal Government for "a 
League of Nations which shall as- 
sure PEACE AND JUSTICE THROUGHOUT 

THE WORLD." Details of the statement 
by the Coalition Governments are at 
page 4, above. 

Twelve days after these governments 
had answered President Wilson, he is- 
sued a reply, which applies also to the 
Central Powers. In a message to the 
United States Senate, in person, he 
said : 



47 



President Wilson's Message to the 
Senate, January 22, 1917. 

(See pages 5-6, above.) Also Presi- 
dent Wilson said: 

"It will be absolutely necessary that, 
a force be created as a guarantor of 
the permanency of the settlement so 
much greater than the force of any na- 
tion now engaged or any alliance hith- 
erto formed or projected than no na- 
tion, no probable combination of na- 
tions could face or withstand it. If the 
peace presently to be made is to en- 
dure, it must be a peace made secure 
hy the organized major force of man- 
kind. 

"The terms of the immediate peace 
agreed upon will determine whether it 
is a peace for which such a guarantee 
can be secured. The question upon 
which the whole future peace and pol- 
icy of the world depends is this : Is the 
present war a struggle for a just and 
secure peace, or only for a new balance 
of power? It it be only a struggle for 
a new balance of power, who will guar- 
antee, who can guarantee, the stable 
equilibrium of the new arrangement? 
Only a tranquil Europe can be a stable 
Europe. There must be, not a bal- 
ance OF power, but a community of 
power; not organized rivalries, but 

AN organized common PEACE. 
***** 

"The equality of nations upon which 
peace must be founded if it is to last 
must be an equality of rights ; the 
guarantees exchanged must neither 
recognize nor imply a ditference be- 
tween big nations and small, between 
those that are powerful and those that 
are weak. Right must be based upon 
the common strength, not upon indi- 
vidual strength, of the nations upon 
whose concert peace will depend. 
Equality of territory or of resources 
there of course cannot be ; nor any 
other sort of equality not gained in 
the ordinary peaceful and legitimate 
development of the peoples themselves. 
But no one asks or expects anything 
more than an equality of rights. Man- 
kind is looking now for freedom of 
life, not for equipoise of power. 

*'And there is a deeper thing in- 
volved than even equality of right 
among organized nations. No peace 

CAN last, or ought TO LAST, WHICH 
does not RECOGNIZE AND ACCEPT THE 
PRINCIPLE THAT GOVERNMENTS DERIVE ATT. 



THEIR JUST POWERS FROM THE CONSENT 
OF THE GOVERNED, AND THAT NO RIGHT 
ANYWHERE EXISTS TO HAND PEOPLES 
ABOUT FROJI SOVEREIGNTY TO SOVEREIGNTY 
AS IF THEY WERE PROPERTY.* I take It 

for granted, for instance, if I may ven- 
ture upon a single example, that states- 
men everywhere are agreed that there 
should be a united, independent, and 
autonomous Poland, and that hence- 
forth invioladle security of life, of wor- 
ship, and of industrial and social de- 
velopment should de guaranteed to all 

PEOPLES WHO HAVE LIVED HITHERTO 
UNDER THE POWER OF GOVERNMENTS DE- 
VOTED TO A FAITH AND PURPOSE HOSTILE 
TO THEIR OWN. 

"I speak of this, not because of any 
desire to exalt an abstract political 
principle which has always been held 
very dear by those who have sought to 
build up liberty in America, but for 
the same reason that I have spoken of 
the other conditions of peace which 
seem to me clearly indispensable — be- 
cause I wish frankly to uncover reali- 
ties. Any peace tvhich does not recog- 
nize and accept this principle will in- 
evitably he upset. It will not rest upon 
the affections or the convictions of 
mankind. The ferment of spirit of 
whole populations will fight subtly and 
constantly against it. and all the world 
will sympathize. The world can be at 
peace only if its life is stable, and there 
can be no stability where the will is in 
rebellion, where there is not tranquil- 
lity of spirit and a sense of justice, of 
freedom, and of right. 

"So far as practicable, moreover, 
every great people noiv struggling to- 
wards a full development of its re- 
sources and of its powers should be 

ASSURED A DIRECT OUTI-ET TO THE GREAT 

HIGHWAYS OF THE SEA. Where this can- 
not be done by the cession of territory, 
it can no doubt be done by the neutral- 
ization of direct rights of way under 
a general guarantee which will assure 
the peace itself. With a right comity 
of arrangement no nation need be shut 

*This should apply, doubtless, to all 
of the captive nationalities except that 
Alsace and Lorraine have been delib- 
erately denuded of French and Alsa- 
tians. The Italians. Roumanians and 
other nationalities should decide for 
themselves their own destiny. Possibly 
they may each desire independence. 



48 



away from free access to the open 
paths of the world's commerce. 

"And the paths of the sea must 
alike in law and in fact be free. 
The freedom of the seas is the sine qua 
non of peaec. equality, and co-operation. 
No doubt a somewhat radical recon- 
sideration of many of the rules of in 
ternational practice hitherto thought to 
be established may be necessary in or- 
der to make the seas indeed free and 
common in practically all circumstances 
for the use of mankind, but the motive 
for such changes is convincing and com- 
pelling. There can be no trust or in- 
timacy between the peoples of the 
world without them. The free, con- 
stant, untlireatened intercourse of na- 
tions is an essential part of the proc- 
ess of peace and of development. It 
need not be difficult either to define or 
to secure the freedom of the seas if 
the governments of the world sincerely 
desire to come to an agreement con- 
cerning it. 

"It is a problem closely connected 

iVith THE LIMITATION OF NAVAL ARMA- 
MENTS AND THE CO-OPERATION OF THE 
NAVIES OF THE WORLD IN KEEPING THE 
SEAS AT ONCE FREE AND SAFE. And the 

question of limiting naval armaments 
opens the wider and perhaps more dif- 
ficult question of the limitation of 

ARMIES AND OF ALL PROGRAMMES OF 

military PREPARATION. Difficult and 
delicate as these questions are, they 
must be faced with the utmost can- 
dour and decided in a spirit of real 
accommodation if peace is to come witli 
healing in its wings, and come to stay. 
Peace cannot be had without conces- 
sion and sacrifice. There can he no 
sense of safety and equality among the 
nations if great preponderating arma- 
ments are henceforth to continue here 
and thej'c to he huilt up and main- 
tained. The statesmen of the world 
must plan for peace and nations must 
adjust and accommodate their policy to 
it as they have planned for war and 
made ready for pitiless contest and ri- 
valry. The question of armaments, 
whether on land or sea, is the most 

IMMEDIATELY AND INTENSELY PRACTICAL 
QUESTION CONNECTED WITH THE FUTURE 
FORTUNES OF NATIONS AND OF MANKIND. 

"I have spoken upon these great mat- 
ters without reserve and with the ut- 
most explicitness because it has seemed 
to me to be necessary if the world's 



yearning desire for peace was any- 
where to find free voice and utterance. 
Perhaps I am the only person in high 
authority amongst all the peoples 0/ 
the world who is at liherty to speak 
and hold nothing hack. I am speaking 
as an individual, and yet I am speak 
ing. also, of course, as the responsible 
head of a great government, and I 
feel confident that I have said what 
the people of the United States would 
wish me to say. May I not add that 
I hope and believe that I am in effect 

SPEAKING FOR LIBERALS AND FRIENDS OF 
HUMANITY IN EVERY NATION AND OF 
EVERY PROGRAMME OF LIBERTY? I WOUld 

fain believe that I am speaking for 
the silent mass of mankind everywhere 
who have as yet had no place or op- 
portunity to speak their real hearts 
out concerning the death and ruin they 
see to have come already upon the per- 
sons and the homes they hold most 
dear. 

"And in holding out the expectation 
that the people and Government of the 
United States will join the other civi- 
lized nations of the world in guaran- 
teeing the permanence of peace upon 
such terms as I have named I speak 
with the greater boldness and confi- 
dence because it is clear to every man 
who can think that there is in this 
promise no breach in either our tradi- 
tions or our policy as a nation, but a 
fulfillment, rather, of all that we have 
professed or striven for : 

"I am proposing, as it were, that 
the nations should with one accord 
adopt the doctrine of President Mon- 
roe as the doctrine of the world : that 

NO NATION SHOULD SEEK TO EXTEND ITS 
POLITY OVER ANY OTHER NATION OR PEO- 
PLE, hut that every people should he 
left free to determine its own polity, 
its own way of development, unhin- 
dered, unthreatened, unafraid, the lit- 
tle along ivith the great and poiverful. 
"I am proposing that all nations 
henceforth avoid entangling alliances 
which would draw them into competi- 
tions of power, catch them in a net of 
intrigue and selfish rivalry, and disturb 
their own affairs with influences in- 
truded from without. There is no en- 
tangling ALLIANCE IN A CONCERT OF 

POWER. When all unite to act in the 
same sense and with the same pub- 
pose ALL act in the COMMON INTEREST 
AND ARE FREE TO LIVE THEIR OWN LIVES 
UNDER A COMMON PROTECTION. 



49 



"I am proposing government by the 

CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED ; that FREE- 
DOM OF THE SEAS wliicli ill international 
conference after conference representa- 
tives of the United States have urged 
with the eloquence of tiiose who are 
the convinced disciples of liberty ; and 

that MODERATION OF ARMAMENTS Which 

makes of armies and navies a power 
for order merely, not an instrument of 
aggression or of selfish violence. 

"These are American principles, 
American policies. We could stand for 
no others. And they are also the prin- 
ciples and policies of forward looking 
men and women everywhere, of every 
modern nation, of every enlightened 
community. They are the principles 
of mankind and must prevail." 

These proposals by the President may 
be summarized as follows : 

Summary of the President's Pro- 
posals — Comnients. 

That the terms of peace between 
the two ruling powers in the world, 
the warring Alliances, should provide 
for their being merged into one ruling 
power — a "Concert of Poiver," — on the 
democratic hasis of free peoples and 
"equality of riglits,'' with home rule in 
all things tvithin each of the several 
stations, so that every people shall "be 
left free to determine its oivn polity, 
its own ivay of developnient, unhin- 
dered, unthreatened, unafraid, the lit- 
tle along with the great and the poio- 
erfuV 

In other words, freedom for the ex- 
isting captive nations, along with "gov- 
ernment with the consent of the gov- 
erned" for all of the other peoples, and 
the Federation of the World, with an 
International Government — the estab- 
lishment of civil liberty in internation- 
al relations. Such is the proposal for 
World Liberation ! 

To the same effect are the following 
statements by President Wilson in his 
later War Meessage, April 2, 117 : 

"A steadfast concert for peace can 
never be maintained except by a part- 
nership of democratic nations. No au- 
tocratic government could be trusted 
to keep within it or observe its coven- 
ants. . . . Only free people can 
hold their purpose and their honor 



steady to a common end and prefer 
the interests of mankind to any nar- 
row interest of ther own. . . . The 
world must be made safe for democ- 
racy. Its*peace must he planted upon 

THE TESTED FOUNDATIONS OF LIBERTY. 

"But the right is more precious than 
peace, and we shall fight for the things 
which we have always carried nearest 
our hearts — for democracy, for the 
right of those who submit to authority 
to have a voice in their own govern- 
ments, for the rights and liberties of 
small nations, for a universal dominion 
of right J}y such a concert of free peo- 
ples as shall bring peace and safety to 
all nations and make the world itself 
AT last free. [The establishment of 
International Government controlled by 
Democracies.]" 

Still later. President Wilson in a let- 
ter to the people of the United States, 
said: 

"True Americans, those who toil for 
home and the hope of better things, 
whose lifted eyes have caught the 
vision of a Liberated World, have said 
that of the policy of 'blood and iron' 
there shall be an end and that Equal 
Justice, which is the heart of democ- 
racy, shall rule in its stead !" 

This program is such that the nations 
of the world will have no farther need 
for armament — there will exist free 
peoples everywhere, all co-operating 
through human government in interna- 
tional affairs, whereby permanent peace 
and justice are to exist. Armaments 
will gradually be discarded. This fea- 
ture is as yet but little understood. A 
present-day illustration of the need- 
lessness of armaments where there is 
civil liberty is our 48 States of the 
United States, also the British Com- 
monwealth of Nations (page 57, be- 
low), and see our proposed constitu- 
tion (page 34, above). 

This United States' program for 
World Liberation, including Free Peo- 
ples, has been expressly adopted by 
Great Britain and France (pages 7-8, 
above), and expressly adopted, pos- 
sibly, by each of the other Allies. They 
all are pledged to it in their joint note 
of January 10, 1916, (page 4, column 1. 
above ) . 

This is inspiring! 



50 



Existing Disheartening and Chaotic 

Conditions to Be Followed by 

World Liberation. 

But there also are disheartening and 
chaotic conditions ; for example, the se- 
vere defeats for the Allies— the with- 
drawal of Giant Russia from the war, 
the surrender by a section of the Italian 
army in October and the ensuing disas- 
ter in Italy, together with the massing 
of troops by the enemy upon the west- 
ern front and the opening of a gigantic 
effort to break through before the 
United States can get many troops into 
the fight. 



While this is true it should simply 
serve to cause us to scan more closely 
our plan of campaign, striving to lay 
the lines so as to square with the 
World Lil)cratio7i -program. Unques- 

lONABLY THERE IS A DiVINE PLAN AND 

IT IS NOT TO BE THWARTED. We cau de- 
lay the ending of the war, Ijut ice can- 
not defeat the achievement of World 
JAheration in this war! 

To help us to realize more fully what 
is taking place and what the outcom«; 
must be, we describe something of the 
stupendous changes through which we 
are rapidly passing. 



Division II. 

THE END OF AN AGE— THIS WORLD WAR A SPEEDING-UP 
PROCESS FOR THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD. 



The development of the various races 
and sub-races of mankind is an intri- 
cate process, necessarily, illustrating 
the marvelous wisdom of our Creator. 
During the past eighteen years the time 
has been reached when as a result of 
the increasing knowledge of mankind, 
due to a multiplicity of improvements, 
such as the printing press, the public 
school, the right of free speech, free 
press and freedom of conscience, the 
advanced portions of humanity — the 
self-governing stock — have come into 
power — the political slaves of yesterday 
are the masters of to-day and this 
World War is evidently a speeding-up 

PROCESS, enabling THEM TO GET A 
firmer HOLD OF THE GOVERNMENTS, AND 
TO ACCOMPLISH OTHER RESULTS WHICH 
IN ORDINARY TIMES MIGHT HAVE BEEN 
SPREAD OUT THROUGH A CENTURY, OR 
MIGHT HAVE ALTOGETHER FAILED FOR A 

TIME. In the words of Premier Lloyd 
George in a speech at the celebration 
in London of the entrance of the United 
States into the war : 

"I am the last man in the. world to 
say that the succor which is given us 
from America is not in itself something 
to rejoice at and to rejoice at greatly. 
But 1 also say that I can see more in 
the knowledge that America is going 



to win a right to be at the conference 
table when the terms of peace are 
discussed. That conference will settle 
the destiny of nations and the course 
of human life for God knows how many 
ages! It would have been a tragedy, 
X tragedy for mankind, if America 

WERE not to be THERE, AND THERE WITH 
ALL HER INFLUENCE AND HER POWER. 

"I can see peace, not a peace to be 
a beginning of war, not a peace which 
will be an endless preparation for strife 
and bloodshed, but a real peace. 

"This world is an old world. You 
in America have never had the rocking 
war that has rolled like an ocean over 
Europe. Europe has always lived under 
the menace of the sword. When this 
war began, two-thirds of Europe was 
under autocratic rule. Now it is the 
other way about, and democracy means 
peace. The democracy of France hesi- 
tatefl, the democracy of Italy hesitated 
long before it entered, the democracy of 
this country sprang back with a shud- 
der and would never have entered that 
cauldron had it not been for the inva- 
sion of Belgium, and if Prussia had 
heen a democracy there would have 
been no ivar. 

"Many strajige things have happened 
in this war — aye, and stranger things 
will come and they are coming rapidly. 
There are times in history when this 
world spins so leisurely along its des- 



51 



tilled course that it seems for centuries 
to be at a standstill. There are awful 

TIMES, WHEN IT RUSHES ALONG AT 
GIDDY PACE, COVERING THE TRACK OF 
CENTURIES IN A YEAR. THOSE ARE THE 
TIMES WE ARE LIVING IN NOW. 

"Six weeks ago Russia was an au- 
tocracy. She is now one of the most 
advanced democracies in the world. 
To-day we are waging one of the most 
devastating wars that the world has 
ever seen. To-morrow, to-morroiv, not 
perhaps a distant to-morrow, war may 
1)6 aholishecl forever from the category 
of human crimes. This war may be 
something like that fierce outburst of 
winter which we are now witnessing be- 
fore we experience the joys of summer. 

"It is written of those gallant men 
who won the victory on Monday — the 
men from Canada, from Australia, and 
from this country — it is written of 
those gallant men that they attacked at 
(lawn. Fitting work for the dawn — 
to drive out of forty miles of French 
soil those miscreants who^ had defiled 
her freedom. They attacked with the 
dawn ! It is a significant phrase. 

"In this war there is coming the 
breaking up of the despotism of Tur- 
key, which for centuries has acted as 
a cloud upon the sunniest of lands, 
it has freed all Russia — freed her from 
an oppression which has covered her 



as a shroud for so long, and there is 
the great declaration by President Wil 

son! 

"These and other great" nations rep- 
resented in 'this struggle for freedom 
are the Heralds of the Dawn. And the 
armies of those nations are marching 
forward in the full radiance of that 
dawn ! And soon the Frenchmen, the 
Americans, the British and Russians, 
aye, Serbians and Belgians, Montene- 
grins, and Rumanians, will emerge into 
the full light of the perfect day !" 

That certainly is the tendency, and 
the Creator knows how to accomplish 
the desired ends! When the hour for 
7nan's ^liberation strikes the gates of 
progress swing open! This World War 
is a mighty speeding-up process, en- 
abling the recently freed slaves of the 
ruling few to achieve advances utterly 
impossible in ordinary times. When 
the proper time comes for ending the 
War it ivill come ahout, and not T)e- 
fore. The way the end will come, 

DOUBTLESS, WILL BE THROUGH THE DIS- 
SEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE AS TO THE 
PRACTICABILITY OF THE FEDERATION OF 

THE World. Let us each do our ut- 
most to spread the news ! 

What are to be the chief features o* 
the forthcoming New Age? 



Division III. 
THE FORTHCOMING NEW AGE. 



Judging from the trend of civiliza- 
tion there is to exist the rule of the 
People — Democracy. Development in 
this direction is surely to continue. The 
evident aim of the Creator is the all- 
around development of mankind. That 
is Nature's plan. 

But at present something like one- 
half of the world's population are not 
as yet developed to the stage where 
they are self-governing — they are either 
held as captive nations or are ruled 6?/ 
men of their oicn nationality. And 
even should they be freed by the ex- 
isting democracies some of these by 
themselves would not be able to estab- 
lish and maintain a democracy. There- 



fore in the existing World War the aim 
of the democracies must be — 

(1) To free all of the subject peo- 
ples — which does not mean an inter- 
ference in any Constitutional Mon- 
archy ; and 

(2) To provide protection for the 
politically backivard nations, under the 
authority of the International Govern- 
ment. 

Nothing less can be accepted. Every 
instinct of manhood and womanhood is 
for the ending of political slavery — 
the ending of political parasitism, the 
rule of the few. Just as chattel slav- 
ery has passed, so will political slavery 
— the taking of the products of labor 



52 



by the sleight-of-hand process known 
as the Rule of the Few — Autocracy. 
Only during the past eighteen years 
has the real rule of the People begun 
except si)oradically (page 13, above) ; 
and as yet the industrial system 
is almost wholly of the old regime 
— private monopolies exist on every 
hand. But this hard-fought war is en- 
abling the masses of men to assert 
themselves, forcing the powerful few 
to submit to much needed regulation. 
Also the ideal of a real democracy as 
against an autocracy is unitedly being 
proclaimed, carryinf) public sentiment 
farther for human liherty than it other- 
ivise ivoulcl have advanced in a century. 
Also the men and women are being put 
in training for the furtherance of Pub- 
lic Welfare, so that ivhen peace shall 
return and the holders of unjust legal 
privileges shall object to just laws they 
will encounter the iron will of a really 
New Civilization — the New Age. Al- 
most as by magic the dominant senti- 
ment has changed from that which sup- 
ported Private Monopolies and the re- 
sulting robbery of the public, to in- 
sistence that Just Relations shall exist. 

Thus there exists a really New Age 



— the ideal has become dominant, call- 
ing for needed legislation to straighten 
out the industrial system. 

To-day with the World War still 6e- 
ing tvaged the needed next step is that 
these things shall de seen, clearly seen, 
in order that the Allied Powers m,ay 
properly shape their War Aims. The 

MORE QUICKLY THE SITUATION CAN BE 
SEEN BY THE ALLIED STATESMEN THE 
MORE QUICKLY WILL COME THE ENDING 

OF THE War. The God who has 

BROUGHT CIVILIZATION TO ITS PRESENT 
HEIGHT CAN CERTAINLY BRING ABOUT THE 

NEEDED World Liberation ! A loving 
AND A JUST Creator has developed the 

CONDITIONS to THE POINT WHERE THE 
RULE OF THE FeW IS NO LONGER TO BE 
PERMITTED — THIS IS THE VERY FIRST OP- 
PORTUNITY FOR CO-ORDINATING THE DE- 
MOCRACIES SO AS TO RESCUE THE REST OF 
MANKIND, AND THE MOVEMENT IS GOING 
TO WIN ! 

In support of this view is the fact 
that the United States is enthusiastic- 
ally fighting for it, as also is Great 
Britain, France and most of the other 
allies — possibly all of them. Following 
are some of the steps in planning the 
details of this war aim : 



Division IV. 



FARTHER DETAILS. 



Part I, 



THE STEPS IN PLANNING DETAILS OF THE WAR AIMS. 



The starting point in planning the 
details of the war aims is to decide as 
to the character of 

The Forthcoming World Organiza- 
tion. 

Owing to the dominance of Democra- 
cies the system is to be a Federation, 
so as to retain the largest possible de- 
gree of National Liberty. 

And there will be required an Inter- 
national Constitution so as to set forth 



in succinct form the terms of the fed- 
eration. 

This constitution will be the funda- 
mental Law, which will include pro- 
visions for the formation of three co- 
ordinated Departments of Internation- 
al Government, thereby arranging for 
the establishment of International Civil 
Liberty. Thus will he ended the long 
night of international anarchy and 
armed force — mankind is about to enter 
into the New Time, asked for as fol- 



53 



lows in the Browning Settlement, Lon- 
don, early in this World War: 

God make the World one State! 
All nations, small and great, 

One civic whole ! 
Self -ruled each people be! 
All peoples linked and free ! 
Glorious in unity 

From pole to pole! 

One World, one destiny : 
One race, one family : 

One God above! 
All States unheld in one. 
All laws excelled by One, — 

One Life, One Love. 

This unity of power in God is ahout 
to result in a unity of power upon 
earth through the dominance of Self- 
Governing Peoples. In other words, 
the two warring Alliances, one of which 
is the United Democracies and their 
progressive allies, is ahout to merge 
into one ruling power for the whole 
wide world — Wokld Federation. That 
is to be the outcome of this World War. 
The world is where this federation is 
to be established, as we have pointed 
out at pages 38-40, above. Only by 
squarely facing the full meaning of it 
can the details of the proper terms of 
peace be framed. 

We now come to the second element 
of the details in tlie plans for the 
proper war aims of the Allies : 

Free Peoples. 

1. The freeing of the Captive Na- 
tions. 

This can readily be agreed to after 
the warring Alliances shall have agreed 
to the establishment of World Federa- 
tion — thai is, shall have agreed to end 
the competition in armament by sub- 
stituting Civil Liberty. Then no 
longer will the safety of Prussia, Ger- 
many, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and 
Turkey depend upon holding their 41 
millions of captives ; whereas until 
civil liberty is assured they must in 
self-defense fight on rather than suc- 
cumb as Captive Nations. What is 



ahout to occur is that all of the Great 
States are to lose their power to pillage 
hy becoming merged into a United 
Democracy — World Federation. 

In the words of Edwin Markham.in 
his Twentieth Century poem, written in 
1900: 

Hark ye, the bugles blowing on the 

peaks ; 
x\nd hark, a murmur as of many feet, 
The cry of captains, the divine alarm! 
Look, the Last Son of Time comes 

hurrying on, 
The strong young Titan of Democracy ! 
With swinging step he takes the open 

road, 
In love with the winds that beat his 

hairy breast. 

Baring his sunburnt strength to all the 

world, 
He casts his eye around with Jovian 

glance — 
Searches the tracks of old Tradition; 

scans 
With rebel heart the Books of Pedigree; 
Peers into the face of Privilege and 

cries, 
Why are you halting in the path of 

man? 
Is it your shoulder bears the human 

load? 
Do you draw down the rains of the 

sweet heaven. 
And keep the green things growing? 

. . . Back to Hell! 

We know at last the Future is secure: 
God is descending from Eternity. 

In other words, civil liberty between 
nations is about to be established, 
thereby supplanting international anar- 
chy and armed force upon our globe. 
This step cannot he taken, however, 
until manlcind has developed to the 
stage where self-governing peoples and 
their progressive allies shall dominate 
THE WORLD. The change is coming in 
the thunderstorm of war — hard-fought 
war, so as to speed up the newly estab- 
lished Democracies. At the same time 



54 



other and far-rc.aehing events arc tak- 
ing place. 

When civil liberty between nations 
shall be established there will exist in 
Middle Europe and Asia Minor the fiv(^ 
following nationalities, each of which 
will be desirous of living its own life : 
Five Notio)iaUties to Be Freed. 

Prussians about 87.000,000 

Germans : 

In Germany about 14.000.000 

In Austria about 9.000.000 

In Hungary about 2,000.000 

25.000,000 
Hungarians in H u n g a r y 

about 10.000.000 

Bulgarians about 2.000,000 

Turks : 

In Bulgaria about ? 

In Turkey about 7,000,000 

These are five distinct nationalities 
and, therefore, when Federal Govern- 
ment is established in a World State 
they will each become free to live 
their own lives — live under their own 
system of National Government. But 
this cannot be as long as competition 
iri armament continues. Under such an 
awful condition Prussia will doubtless 
continue her hegemony (leadership) as 
that will he the only way that Reac- 
tionism can hope to continue to suc- 
ceed. Prussia is in fact today the 
owner of these lesser nations — Ger- 
mans. Hungarians, Bulgars and Turks. 
But as soon as International Govern- 
ment is estaJylished hy the Democracies 
the result will de the immediate dissi- 
pation of Prussia's great military 
strength hy the freeing of the Hun- 
garians, Bulgars, Turks and even the 
Germans, all of whom loill look hack 
upon Prussian Militarism as the very 
depths of hell! 

Following are the other captive na- 
tions to be freed in Middle Europe and 
Asia Minor : 

Other Captive Nations to Be Freed. 

Poles (Slavs) : 

In Germany about 3,500,000 

In Austria about 4,500,000 

Other Slavs in Austria 8.000,000 



Slavs in Hungary 4,500,000 

Slavs in Bosnia and Herze- 
govina 1,500,000 

Total Slavs 22.000,000 

Rumanians in Hungary 3.000,000 

Rumanians in Austria 200,000 

Italians in Austria 750,000 

French in Germany 250,000 

Alsatians in Germany 1,400,000 

1 )anes in Germany 150,000 

Lithuanians in Germany.... 100,000 

Sorabians in Germany 150,000 

Ch'ceks in Turkey 2.000.000 

Kurds and Lazes in Turkey . . 2.000,000 
Arabs and Nestorians in Tur- 

' key 7,000,000 

Armenians in Turkey 2,000,000 

Grand total of captives in 

the Central Empires 41,000,000 

These are about one-third of the 
total population of the Quadruple Alli- 
ance. When civil liberty between na- 
tions is established and these several 
captive nations shall become separated 
from Prussia and her minions all of 
them, the former captors and captives, 
loill he hcttcr off, hcing rid, of the con- 
flict hetwcen themselves and rid of mili- 
tarism., things which have kept all of 
them under the rule of the few. But 
this advanced stage in civilization 
cannot be reached until the world has 
reached the stage where all of the 
politically backward peoples are to re- 
ceive their freedom — until the Entente 
Allies reach the point ivhere they are 
openly offering to release their own 
captives they must expect that God 
u'ill keep them in the war — ^'God is not 
mocked.'' 

We now describe tlie vast millions of 
captives who are to be released by the 
Entente Allies: 

World Liheration hy the Entente 
Allies. 

The British Commonwealth of Na- 
tions, formerly termed the British Em- 
pire, covers one-quarter of the globe 
and embraces one-quarter of the 
world's population, of various nation- 
alities — English. Scotch, Welsh, Irish, 
Dutch in South Africa, French in 



.56 



Canada, etc., under the hegemony of 
the English. When civil liberty be- 
tween nations shall be established 
then each nationality can and will re- 
sume its own 'National Government 
but will co-operate with each other 
in such ways as will 6e mutually 
beneficial. The British Liberals are 
themselves leading the way, as we will 
present describe. But we will now 
state that for more than two years the 
British Liberals have been agreed that 
not only Ireland but also England, 
Scotland and Wales shall each possess 
its own National Assemhly, and the 
change is to be made before the recon- 
struction that is to follow the war is 
to be entered upon. To what extent an 
International Parliament for the Brit- 
ish Isles will legislate is uncertain 
owing to the forthcoming World Fed- 
eration and the ending of competition 
in armament. That form of competition 
forced the natiojis together for self- 
protection, and now the establishment 
of World Federation is to release 
them. The extent of the population in 
Great Britain is as follows : 
United Kingdom : 

England 35,000,000 

Scotland 5.000,000 

Ireland 5,000,000 

Wales 2,000,000 

Canada 6,000,000 

Newfoundland 250,000 

Austrialia 5,000,000 

New Zealand 1,000,000 

South African Union (white) 1,200,000 

India (British India) : 

Native population, largely 

of Aryan (white) stock . 315,000,000 

European stock 200,000 

Ceylon and Eastern Colonies 5,000,000 

West Indies 2,000,000 

Africa (natives) 15,000,000 

The people of India have been prom- 
ised their freedom (page 61, below). 

Frenchmen in France 40,000,000 

Captives to be released in — 

Algeria 5,000.000 

West Africa 13.000,000 

French Congo 3.500,000 

Indo-China 18,000,000 



French Guiana 2,300,000 

41.800 000 

Italians in Italy 33,000,000 

Captives U) be released in — 

Tripoli 1,500 000 

Bengazia 250,000 

1,750,000 
Russians: (1) Slavs: 

Great Russians 55,000.000 

Little Russians 23,000 000 

White Russians 6,000.000 

Poles 8,000.000 

(2) Lithuanians and Letts 3.000,000 

(3) Finns 5,500.000 

(4) Turko-Tartars 14.000,000 

(5) Semites (Jews) 5,000.000 

(6) Iranians in Asia 2,000,000 

121,000,000 
Under the announcement made by 
the Russian Government on December 
28, 1917, these peoples are each to de- 
termine for themselves their form of 
government, which may include inde- 
pendence. 

Japanese 50,000,000 

Captives to be released in — 

orea 12,000,000 

Portuguese, Belgians, Serbians, Ru- 
manians, etc. 

United States 110,000,000 

Captives now being freed : — 

Filipinos 8,000,000 

Porto Ricans who can ask 
for Independence 1,200,000 

After the formation of the World 
Federation and the liberation of the 
captive nations there will still exist 
the trade between the several nations 
as at present, except that the freed 
peoples will shut off whatever unfair- 
ness now exists. 

These freed peoples should assume 
their fair share of the expense whereby 
this great blessing is coming to them — 
their fair share of the expense of the 
World War. Also the Neutral Nations 
that are to receive the stupendous bene- 
fits that are to come from the estab- 
lishment of international civil liberty, 
including the ending of competition in 
armament and tear, should contribute 

THEIR FAIR SHARE. THEY CANNOT 
EVADE THIS JUST LIABILITY. 



66 



The freed peoples and all other of 
the nationalities not yet fully self- 
governing should receive assistance 
from the Democracies in the 'form of 
a National Constitution setting forth 
the minimum element^ in the system 
of government, in this way guaran- 
teeing Free Institutions. Justice for 
the backward peoples requires this, as 
^\ell as the self-interest of Democracies 
themselves, because only through the 
existence of Free Peoples can there be 
ended competition in armament, as 
President Wilson has repeatedly stated. 

One of the results of the establish- 
ment of Free Institutions in w^hat to- 
day are the politically backward coun- 
tries will be that capital will be secure 
and therefore it will rapidly flow into 
these protectorates. Interest rates will 
1>€ moderate, wages ivill therefore rise 
— rapidly rise, accompanied by a 

(GREATLY INCREASED DEMAND FOR IM- 
PORTED GOODS. 

2. There is to be brought about the 
freeing of the peoples who are ruled 
by the few of their own nationality. 
This is a more simple problem. The 
primary thing to do will be for the 
International Government to issue a 
National Constitution stating the mini- 
mum requirements of self-government 
and providing administrative courts, of- 
ficered by its own representatives, 
whose sole duties should be to ascer- 
tain if the liberty-giving provisions are 
in operation. Under this system each 
nation will elect its own representa- 
tives and be free to decide its own 
policies provided they are in the di- 
rection of self-government and progress. 
This subject we have considered in the 
proposed constitution for the Interna- 
tion Federation (page 35, above). 

Now as to the third great element 
in the forthcoming new regime: 

Equal National Rights. 

All of the nations are to stand on 
an equality — each is to be a Free Peo- 
ple. This is a fundamental tenet of 
the Democracies as we have shown. 



The change to this equal rights to 
freedom is to consist in the 50 National 
Sovereign States of today becoming 
merged into an International Sovereign 
State— the World State. Within this 
world state all of the several national- 
ities are to be free, that is, real Fed- 
eral Government is to exist, as follows : 

1. The International Government is 
to be strictly limited to a few inter- 
national powers ; 

2. Fach National Government is to 
rule within its sphere; 

3. Each State Government within 
the nation should rule within its 
proper sphere ; 

4. Each county government should 
rule in purely county affairs; and 

5. Each township government or 
village or city government should rule 
in purely local affairs. 

In this manner Co-operation and 
Freedom will exist, the inevitable out- 
come of Democracies. 

Armament Will No Longer Be 
Needed. 

Owing to the forthcoming existence 
of free peoples in all parts of the 
world, armaments will no longer be 
needed — peace tvill reign without com- 
pulsion. Therefore our war aims 
should provide that for, say, five years 
the nations may each keep their pres 
ent day armament, except that a small 
part of the naval equipment shall be 
transferred to the World Federation. 
(See also page 34, above.) 

We have described the several ele- 
ments in our needed war aims — world 
organization, free peoples, equal na- 
tional rights, and that each nation may 
retain most of its armament. Let us 
next note the splendid application of 
these and other democratic principles 
that have been made up to January 25, 
1918, and the prospects for complete 
fruition of world organization in the 
very near future. 



67 



Part II. 
APPLICATION OF THE WORLD LIBERATION PROGRAM 



The United States. 

In the United States the government 
now in power, re-elected in 1916, is on 
the whole in line for the immediate ap- 
plication of the World Liberation pro- 
gram. Some years ago it promised 
freedom to the people of the Philippine 
Islands and has transferred to them 
very much of their government. The 
people of Porto Rico, who had been 
held as subjects, have been made citi- 
zens. Should the majority of them de- 
sire independence they will of course 
receive it. The sovereignty of the peo- 
ple of Mexico has not been infringed 
(page 76, below) ; and so justly have 
our sister American Republics been 
treated that the result is the New Pan- 
Americanism, that is developing into 
a real Federation (page 75, below). 
Recently has come about the program 
for the League or Federation of Na- 
tions, as we have described. Addition- 
al details are in a later chapter. 

Great Britain. 

In the British Isles the people came 
into power in 1906 through the tri- 
umph of the Liberal, Labor and Irish 
parties. Then under the premiership 
of Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the 
Liberal Government set out to change 
the outgrown system. The people had 
come into power in the face of various 
handicaps placed in their way by the 
ruling few, and at once the People's 
Government set about to place all fami- 
lies on an equality before the law : 

1. Amid protests from the powerful 
few the Government and Parliament in- 
stalled more definite machinery for pre- 
venting a veto of proposed legislation 
by the House of Lords, a set of hered- 
itary rulers. They had lost the veto 
power under certain circumstances — 
that is, whenever an issue should be 
taken to the people and they should 
return a majority in the House of Com- 
mons pledged to the measure. And the 
People's Government enacted that 



where the Commons shall pass a bill 
during three separate years it shall be- 
come law without the consent of the 
House of Lords. 

2. Then the Government and Parlia- 
ment set about to abolish plural voting. 
Property owners voted in as many dis- 
tricts as they held real estate, and a 
change to "one man one vote" was 
nearly established when Germany 
started the war, resulting in the de- 
ferring of this reform. 

3. November 20, 1917, the House of 
Commons by unanimous vote conferred 
on Vi^omen the Parliamentary franchise. 
There are something like 8,000,000 of 
these new voters. 

4. The People's Government has lev- 
ied a small tax on the real estate with- 
in the United Kingdom, the proceeds 
to be paid into the national treasury. 
Up to this time the powerful few had 
exempted the real estate from a na- 
tional tax. The new law made a be- 
ginning, calling for an assessment of 
the value of all of the real estate in 
the British Isles. This reform was met 
with a fierce outcry by the few who 
had ruled the land. 

5. In the year 1901 the House of 
Lords in a so-called judicial decision, 
the Taff-Vale case, repealed the statute 
of 1871 whereby the wage-earners were 
authorized to organize industrially. 
This decision by the House of Lords 
was that the funds of trade unions 
were liable for damages assessed 
against them by British courts. This 
forced the wage-earners into party 
politics, and they and the other liberal 
forces won in 1906, as we have pointed 
out. Then a statute was enacted re- 
storing to the wage-earners the right 
to organize, on a par with the right of 
capitalists to organize, who do so by 
means of private corporations and em- 
ployers' associations. 

6. Then the House of Lords by an- 
other act of judicial legislation declared 
that the funds of the trade unions 



68 



could not lawfully be used to pay the 
salaries of the members of the House 
of Commons. Under Charles II, in 
1660, just after the overthrow of 
, Cromwell's Government, a Conservative 
Government, had repealed the law 
whereby the members of the House of 
Commons w^ere paid a salary. This 
system of non-payment of salaries in 
the House of Commons was continued 
until yesterday, as it were. The pres- 
ent-day official salaries are 400 pounds 
sterling annually — §2,000. 

7. An old age pension was established 
for the very poor people. This was to 
keep them from the poor house — en- 
able them to live during their closing 
years amid their children and grand- 
children and in honorable surroundings. 
At the time of the outbreak oX the 
war some 12,000,000 pounds sterling 
were thus being distributed. This came 
from increased taxes levied on the 
stored-up wealth of those who, had 
they kept it, would have expended it 
very largely for extra servants and 
other luxuries. In place of this it is 
being paid to those who during their 
working years had earned it and now 
are needing it. Germany had pos- 
sessed such a system for many years, 
due to the fact that the wage-earners 
had been striving to get control of the 
Government and the ones in power had 
sought to propitiate them. 

8. For Ireland a Home Rule system 
was about to be installed when the 
starting of the war resulted in the de- 
ferring of the event. This was be- 
cause of determined opposition by the 
North of Ireland people to being in- 
cluded in Irish Home Rule. 

9. One of the very first acts of the 
People's Government had been to give 
Home Rule to the Boers whom the 
preceding Conservative Government 
had made war upon and had been 
holding as captives. So well did the 
Boers make use of their freedom that 
soon was formed the South African 
Union — a wide-spread self-governing 
dominion under the British flag; and 
when the German autocracy started out 



to fight the democracies the Boers im- 
mediately cast in their lot with the 
self-governing peoples. 

The securing of these various reforms 
required seven years, and one of the 
brilliant leaders was a Welsh lawyer, 
David Lloyd George. The death of 
Henry Campbell Bannerman the pre- 
mier was followed by the election to 
that office of Herbert H. Asquith, who 
as leader of the fusion forces continued 
in office longer than any of his prede- 
cessors ; and he was followed by Lloyd 
George, December, 1916. It came about 
through a refusal by George to continue 
in the Cabinet under the then existing 
system (page 47, above). 

Premier George has been able to 
carry forward as follows the Liberal 
International Program : 

1. The British Commonwealth of 
Nations. 

Soon after the outbreak of the war 
the British Liberal Government speak- 
ing through the Secretary of State for 
the Colonies stated that when the time 
should come for considering the peace 
terms the dominions would &e consult- 
ed. When President Wilson questioned 
the belligerents on December 18, 1916, 
as to their proposed terms of peace, the 
premiers of the dominions were doubt- 
less consulted, and a formal consulta- 
tion in person at London was provided. 
This personal meeting occurred during 
the spring of 1917, and a policy-deter- 
mining body was formed termed the 
Imperial War Conference, also there 
was the Imperial War Cabinet. In 
these meetings all of the questions of 
foreign policy ivere discussed, and were 
unanimoiily decided, in the War Con- 
ference, at least,* although should 
there have heen a difference of opinion 
majority -rule tvas to prevail. 

Here was a far-reaching development, 
although the system had been started 
in 1903, followed by another conference 
in 1907 and each succeeding four years. 

Previous to this change of system in 
1917 the foreign policy had actually 

*Extracts of Proceedings, p. 1. 



59 



been decided by the Cabinet members 
I'cpresenUng the British Isles, while 
now the premiers of the five self-gov- 
erning dominions and India's represen- 
tative sat witli the "Prime Minister 
of the United ivingdom and such of 
his colleagues as deal specially with 
Imperial affairs [affairs between the 
several parts of the British state and 
with foreign affairs]." Unfortunately 
the Australian Premier could not at- 
tend as an election detained him, but 
he was communicated with from time 
to time by cable* India was represent- 
ed by an Indian appointed by the In- 
dian Government. 

This democratic system was so suc- 
cessful that by vote of these represen- 
tatives it is being continued, the mem- 
l)ership consisting of the members for 
the British Isles, as above described, 
and "the Prime Minister of each of 
the dominions or some specially accred- 
ited alternate of equal authoritj^ and a 
representative of the Indian people ap- 
])ointed by the Government of India .-)• 

In this way a continuous Imperial 
Council is being maintained, to meet 
whenever an important issue as to 
British Imperial policy is to be decided 
— foreign affairs and affairs as between 
the several parts of the British state. 

Thus under the British flag the peo- 
ples of various nations, including the 
French in Canada and the Dutch in 
South Africa, are co-operating as a 
Federation. The chosen title, as yet 
unofficial, is The Commonwealth of 
Nations. This in place of the British 
Empire — an outgrown shell, a form 
of organization which stated on its face 
that an Emperor rules the outlying 
provinces or nations, and that the for- 
eign policies of the entire British state 
were determined by the British Isles. 
Such is no longer the case, since the 
development to a J)emocracy in the 
British Isles in .1006, folloived by su- 
perl) co-operation hy the other democ- 

* Imperial War Conference, Extracts 
of Proceedings, 1917. 

f Same citation, p. 5 ; announcement 
in House of Commons, May 17, 1917. 



racies ivithin the British state — Can- 
ada. New Foundland, Australia, New 
Zealand and South Africa, resulting m 
a coniinn&us International Govern- 
ment, as we have seen. 

Note that the system is that of an 
International as distinguished from a 
National Government ; that is, each na- 
tion reserves complete internal sov- 
ereignty — the control of immigration, 
and emigration, imports and exports, 
etc.* 

But these nations co-operate in for- 
eign affairs and do so by majority rule, 
ivhcreas nothing is to affect the hi- 
ternai affairs except with the consent 
of the nations specially interested. 

Here is an example for the other na- 
tions of the world, and it is precisely 
the system tve are proposing. The pro- 
gressive allies in this World W^ar have 
come togetlier in a War Federation, 
and, of necessity, they must agree to 

CONTINUE TOGETHER IN A WORLD FED- 
ERATION. That is the only possible way 
to end the absence of international gov- 
ennnent — end the existing 50 National 
Sovereigns and establish Freedom, 
This will end the existing international 
anarchy and armed force — end mili- 
tarism — result in civil liberty. 

Returning to the British state, es- 
pecially note that there is still no way 
provided whereby the British Interna- 
tional Government is authorized to 
coerce with shot and shell any of its 
self-governing units. The tie that is 
relied upon is still to he the sense oy 
i^elf-Interest and Duty. And so it will 
be for the democracies in the forthcom- 
ing World Federation — there will he no 
further use for armatnents except for 
police service. Great Britain should 
retain her Grand Fleet as long as she 
cares to — soon it will be tied to the 
docks so as to use the men within the 
industries. Germany can keep her 
monstrous cannon, and so can the 
Allies; but ere long these cannon will 
be melted to supply steel for industrial 
uses. 

These conditions are to flow as the 

*Same citations. 



60 



result of the wiiiiiiiig of this war by 
the ITnited Democracies and their Lib- 
eral Allies. This power is to rule the 
world, insisting upon Equal National 
Rights and Justice. One of its first 
acts must be to draft a constitution 
and embody these lil)erty-giving princi- 
ples. 

The estal)lishment of the British In- 
ternational Democracy has been almost 
unnoticed except by a few of the po- 
litical magazines. One-fourth of the 
peoples of the world, and one-fourth of 
the territorial area of the world has 
been brought into a successful Federa- 
tion, an example to the other three- 
fourths. 

When we bring to mind, also, the 
successful National Government in the 
United States, plus the agreed-upon 
Federation of American Republics 
(page 75, below) we have a complete 
demonstration of the practicaMlity of 
World Federation! The fact that civil 
war has existed in the United States 
was because the people lost self-gov- 
ernment (page 72, below) ; whereas 
now the people of the United States 
are back in power, as the action of 
their Government conclusively indi- 
cates. 

2. A Promise of Home Rule to India. 

British India has a population of 
315.000,000 souls— one-sixth of the en- 
tire population of the world. Nine- 
tenths of the leaders are Aryans — 
white people, who are successfully gov- 
erning themselves in the Native States. 
This fact is testified to by the late 
Keir Hardie. Member of the House of 
Commons, who, in 1907, the year fol- 
lowing the coming into power of the 
Labor. Liberal and Irish parties, took 
a trip around the world, spending some 
time in India. He wrote articles which 
he placed in a book entitled, hulia, Oh- 
servations and Suggestions. 

He pointed out that the system 
whereby the Native States are succeed- 
ing is Federal Government — the typical 
Aryan system. There is the Village 
Council — miniature republics, along 
with delegates for the county and the 



state. This system can be established 
throughout India, he points out, as 
((uickly as there is relaxation from 
Alien Rule. 

To the same effect is the testimony 
of .7. Ramsay Macdonald, another 
Labor Member of the House of Com- 
mons, who visited India three years 
after Ilardie's trip. The title of his 
book is, The Aicakening of India. See 
also Professor Max Mueller's book, 
India. 

Under the British Liberal Govern- 
ment the first Secretary of State for 
India was the noted Liberal, John 
^Nlorley. Progressive steps were taken, 
which accounts for the comparative 
absence of revolutionary sentiment 
while Japan was gloriously com'ng for- 
ward and a revolution in Turkey placed 
in power a Liberal Government (page 
18). At the outbreak of the World 
War the British Liberal Government 
promised to the people of India self- 
government within the British Em- 
pire,* which accounts for their splen- 
did support of the British cause. In 
London and elsewhere the reactionary 
press, which until then had objected to 
the freeing of the people of India, as- 
sented to the home rule program.* 
And the Christian leaders in India, in- 
cluding the Bishops of Bombay and of 
Calcutta, advocated the change.** This 
has been followed by a formal promise 
by the British Government through a 
statement by the Secretary of States 
for India,! and a simultaneous 



*Sir Henry Cotton, K. C. S. I., in 
India; Now and After, Contemporary 
Review. Feb. 5. 1015. 

'^'^•India After the War, by the Rt. 
Rev. Bishop of Bombay, Nineteenth 
Century Magazine, August, 1916. 

fin the House of Commons on 
August 20, 1917, the Secretary of State 
for India, Mr. Montague, stated that 
there is to be ''an increasing associa- 
tion of Indians in every 'branch of the 
adniinistration.'" together with "the 

GRADUAI, DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-GOVERN- 
ING INSTITUTIONS, with a view to the 



61 



statement by the Indian Viceroy.* ^^ 
The people of India are to be ad- 
mitted to the army, and are to become 
commissioned officers forthwitli.** This 

OPENS THE WAY FOR AS MANY FIGHTING 
MEN AND OTHER FORMS OF MAN-POWER 

AS THE Allies may need. A popula- 
tion six times that in the British Isles, 
Canada, New Foundland, Australia, 
New Zealand and South Africa can now 
be drawn upon, and thoy are not so far 
off. In the words of the premier of 
New Foundland in the Imperial War 
Conference, during May, 1917 : "I think 
that if the very serious barriers that 
separate India from the other portions 
of the Empire had been removed be- 
fore, the chances are that instead of 
the contribution they have given to 
the War, they would pi'oiahly have 
contributed nearly all the men that 
loould have been required.^ To the 
same effect is a statement by a prom- 
inent home rule leader in India in a 
letter to President Wilson before the 
granting of India's request.ff 

progressive realization of Responsible 
Government in India as an integral 
part of the British Empire." Sub- 
stantial steps in this direction are to 
be taken in the near future, prelim- 
inary to which there is to be a "free 
and informal exchange of opinion be- 
tween those in authority at home and 
in India," also that the two govern- 
ments are to receive "the suggestions 
of representative bodies and others.'' 
(Parliamentary Debates, House of 
Commons. August 20, 1917; House of 
Lords, October 24, 1917.) The Secre- 
tary of State for India reached that 
country on November 11, 1917. He is 
to report to the home government, 
which will reach a decision and report 
to Parliament. (Same citations.) 

*House of Common's statement. 

**Same citation. 

flmperial War Conference, Excerpts 
of Proceedings, pp. 120, London ed. 

tfOn June 24, 1917, at Madras, India, 
Sir Subramaniem, Honorary President 
of the Home Rule League in India, in 
a letter to President Wilson, conveyed 
to him by Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hotch- 



The promise of freedom to the peo- 
ple of India — one-sixth of the world's 
population — is one of the big events in 
this war. This for the British Isles has 
been their Great Renunciation — eight 
political slaves are being liberated for 
each inhabitant of these islands ! 

Clearly Great Britain is ready to 
enter into the World Federation! 



France is equally ready. The French 
people have been leaders in Freedom ! 
Early in the French Revolution at a 
time when the rest of Europe was 
starting in to defeat the people's up- 
rising, the French statesmen had the 
foresight to promise aid to the people 
wherever they would stand for their 
own freedom. The future of the French 
people is bound up with the formation 
of a League of Nations, in order to 
end the horrible competition in arma- 
ment and war. The French declara- 
tions in the affirmative we have noted. 

AN OBSTRUCTION BY COALITION 

GOVERNMENTS IN GREAT 

BRITAIN, FRANCE 

AND ITALY. 

There is, however, a very serious 
obstruction by the Coalition Govern- 
ments in Great Britain, France and 
Italy. They came into power in 1916 
pledged to a more vigorous prosecu- 
tion of the war (page 47, above) and 
they have succeeded; hut at the same 
time and in connection ivlth a positive 

ner, urged ''the necessity for an imme- 
diate promise of Home Rule — Auton- 
omy — for India, as it ivould result in 
an offer from India of at least five 

MILLION MEN IN THREE MONTHS FOR 
SERVICE AT THE FRONT, AND OF FIVE MIL- 
LION MORE IN ANOTHER THREE MONTHS." 

He continued, "India can do this be- 
cause she has a population of three 
hundred and fifteen millions — three 
times that of the United States, and 
almost equal to the combined popula- 
tion of all the Allies. The people of 
India will do this because then they 

WILL BE free men AND NOT SLAVES." 



62 



pledge to the United states to aid in 
the estahlishment of ''peace and justice 
throughout the %corW they have 

BEEN CARRYING FORWARD AN EXACTLY 

OPPOSITE PROGRAM, as is Gvideucecl by 
their failure to promise liberatiou to 
their own captive nations, as every 
one knows ; oonpled with which is a 
program for the forcible annexation of 
various peoples and territories now 
held by the Central Empires,* and a 
program for holding the main parts 
of the Central Empires as captives — 
captives in a military sense, and also 
to shut them out from economic op- 
portunities. And this tvhile professing 
to pledge for the United States pro- 
gram for Wo7'ld Li1}eration. 

One of the results has been the fol- 
lowing criticism by President Wilson, 
on August 27, 1917, in his answer to 
the Pope's note : 

"Responsible statesmen must now 
everywhere see, if they never saw before, 
that no peace can rest securely upon 
political or economic restr'ictions meant 
to benefit some nations and cripple and 
eml)arrass others, upon vindictive ac- 
tion of any sort, or any kind of ven- 
geance or deliberate injury. The Amer- 
ican people have suffered intolerable 
wrongs from the hands of the Imperial 
German Government, but they desire 
no reprisal upon the German people, 
who have themselves suffered all things 
in this war, which they did not choose. 

*The secret treaties between the En- 
tente are that certain peoples are to 
be forcibly taken from the Central Em- 
pires and be forcibly transferred to 
France, Italy, Roumania, Russia, and 
possibly to other members of the alliance 
(pages 4, 39, above). Perhaps these 
peoples may prefer to become inde- 
pendent — THEY SHOULD DECIDE FOR 
THEMSELVES EXCEPT THAT IN AlSACE 

AND Lorraine the German Govern- 
ment HAS BEEN removing THE FRENCH 

AND THE Alsatian inhabitants. In 
the words of President Wilson : "No 
right anywhere exists to hand people 
about from sovereignty to sovereignty 
as if they were property," (page 48, 
above). 



They believe that peace should rest 
upon the rights of peoples, not the 
rights of governments — the rights of 
j)eoples great or small, weak or power- 
ful — THEIR equal right TO FREEDOM 
AND SECURITY AND SELF-GOVERNMENT 
AND TO A PARTICIPATION UPON FAIR 
TERMS IN THE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES 

OF THE WORLD — the German people, of 
(ourse, included, if they will accept 
equality and not seek domination. . . 
Punitive damages, the dismemberment 
of empires, the establishment of selfish 
and exclusive economic leagues, we 
deem inexpedient and in the end worse 
than futile, no proper basis for a peace 
of any kind, least of all for an endur- 
ing peace. That must be based upon 

JUSTICE AND fairness AND THE COMMON 
RIGHTS OF MANKIND." 

Tliis public criticism by President 
Wilson of the reactionism of the Coali- 
tion Governments of Great Britain, 
France and Italy has not been suf- 
ficient as yet to fully arouse the parlia- 
ments and peoples in these countries. 
Following is an outline of what has 
occurred : 

Details of the Reactionary War Aims 
of the Coalition Governments. 

During December, 1916, the British 
Liberal Premier and his colleagues re- 
signed from office and were succeeded 
by David Lloyd George as premier, as- 
sisted by the leader of the Labor party, 
Arthur Henderson, and the leader of 
the Conservative party, Bonar Law, 
and by various other members of the 
Conservative party, including Lord 
Milner and the former prime minister, 
Arthur Balfour,* who became the highly 
important Secretary of State for For- 
eign Affairs. A majority of the cabinet 
and of the ministry were and still are 
conservatives — reactionists as concerns 
liberty and social progress. 

In France, too, during December, 
1916, there followed a similar change. 

*Mr. Balfour's non-progressive atti- 
tude toward the possibility of estab- 
lishing civil liberty between nations, as 
stated by him in 1914, is set forth on 
page 4B, above. 



63 



Ill Italy the change had come cVu?tlHi^ 
the preceding June and the office of 
premier was filled by a conservative. 

On December 18, 1916, President 
Wilson questioned each of the belliger- 
ents as to their war aims, and on Janu- 
ary 10 the Entente Allies answered by 
means of a joint note. While expressly 
agreeing with the program of the for- 
mer Liberal British Government for the 
establishment of "peace and justice 
throughout the world" (page 4, 
above), there has been a failure to go 
forward with that program, as we have 
shown. 

Twelve days after the Coalition Gov- 
ernments of Great Britain, France and 
Italy had delivered their answer to 
President Wilson's inquiry, he replied 
in a message to the United States 
Senate, pointing out the necessary 
elements in the attainment of world 
peace and justice, which includes "gov- 
ernment with the consent of the gov- 
erned," and he added : 

"No right anywhere exists to hand 
peoples about from sovereignty to 
sovereignty as though they were prop- 
erty." 

At this time. January, 1917, the 
Russian Czar was dethroned and more 
and more the Russian people have 
come into power. The soldiers at the 
front talked with the enemy soldiers, 
asking: For what are we fighting? 

The German soldiers gave their ver- 
sion : that the capitalists in Great 
Britain, France, Italy and Russia are 
desirous of limiting the competition by 
the Germans; also that these Entente 
Allies have agreed among themselves 
to dismember the Central Empires and 
then to shut them out from interna- 
tional trade. The further claim was 
made that by means of secret treaties 
the Russian Government was promised 
by the Entente Allies that it should 
receive the Dardenelles. 

The Russian soldiers promptly dis- 
claimed a desire to battle for conquest 
and in their Soldiers' and Sailors' Coun- 
cil they renounced the treaty with their 
allies whereby Russia was to receive 



the Dardenelles. Also they called upon 
their allies to recast their war aims on 
the basis of "No annexations and no 
indemnities." 

While this was not the proper solu- 
tion their* allies did not correct them, 
resulting, among other things, in Presi- 
dent Wilson's biting criticism of the 
Coalition Governments, as we have 
shown. 

This open criticism by the President 
on August 27, 1917, hastened events. 
The French and the British Labor and 
Socialist parties and the rest of the 
liberals insisted more and more upon 
the needed declaration for World 
Liberation by the Coalition Govern- 
ments. 

In Russia, too, more and more the 
revolutionists attempted to end the 
Coalition Governments' program for 
conquest. But still these Coalition 
Governments refused to com^nit them- 
selves to the details of the United, 
States' prof/rani for Wo7'ld Liheration. 
These Coalition Governments in Great 
Britain and France were interpellated 
time and time again on the subject and 
each time they answered that negotia- 
tions were in progress and that they 
hoped soon to reach an agreement. 

On November 8, 1917, in Russia the 
Socialist Prime Minister Kerensky was 
deposed by the extreme radicals, the 
Bolsheviki, who announced an inten- 
tion to end the attempt at conquest, 
their peace terms being, "No annexa- 
tions and no indemnities." At the end 
of one month the Bolsheviki Govern- 
ment entered into an armistice with 
the Central Powers to last for five 
weeks. An invitation was extended to 
the Allies to participate in the peace 
conference. The Allies ignored it. 

Of these proceedings as a whole 
President Wilson in his message to 
Congress and to the world on December 
4, 1917, said: 

"All these things [the tides that run 
now in the hearts of free men every- 
where and which the peace congress 
will recognize] have been true from 
the very beginning of this stupendous 



64 



war; and / cannot help thinking that 
if they had been made plain at the 
very outset [of the Russian Revolu- 
tionl the sympathy and enthusiasm of 
the Russian people might have been 
once for all enlisted on the side of the 
Allies, suspicion and distrust stvept 
away, and, a real and lasting union been 
effected." 

When the Russian troops stopped 
fighting it enabled their enemy to move 
vast numbers of troops to the Italian 
and the western fronts. Large numbers 
were massed against the valiant 
Italians who fiad fought their way onto 
Austrian soil. At the outset of the 
attack upon the Italians one section of 
their army surrendered, refusing to 
fight for conquest, thereby opening the 
way to the ensuing terrible disasters 
for the Italians. 

This dreadful defeat and also the 
preceding withdrawal of Giant Russia 
from the war was directly caused by 
the reactionary Coalition Governments 
of Great Britain, France and Italy, as 
we have seen. They for one year 

HAVE refused TO PROMISE LIBERATION 
FOR THEIR CAPTIVE NATIONS, COUPLED 
WITH WHICH HAS BEEN AND IS THEIR 
PROGRAM FOR FORCIBLY ANNEXING VARI- 
OUS PEOPLES AND TERRITORY NOW HELD 

BY THE Central Empires (page 63, 

ABOVE), AND THEIR PROGRAM FOR PIOLD- 
ING THE MAIN PARTS OF THE CENTRAL 

Empires as captives — military cap- 
tives AND ALSO TO SHUT THEM OUT 

FROM ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES And 

this ivhile being pledged to the United 
States' program for World Liberation ! 

Fortunately for mankind there is no 
prospect that these Conservative Coali- 
tion Governments can win the war, as 
that would hold the entire world in the 
throes of militarism, as well as hold 
one-half of the human race as political 
slaves; ivhereas by the restoration to 
power of the Liberal Governments in 
Great Britain, France and Italy they, 
loith the co-operation of the rest of the 
Allies, tvill surely achieve Woi'ld 
Liberation, probably without a crush- 
ing victory, for the following reasons: 



The Prussian civilization with its 
brutal peasants and brutal military 
leaders (page 27, above) needs the 
protection of an International Govern- 
ment controlled by a real Democracy ; 
also the Prussian civilization needs for- 
eign trade, and it needs a cessation 
from the stupendous expenses from 
competition in armament. Therefore it 
is probable that when these advantages 
are offered to the Prussian property- 
owners, who are the ruling power 
politically, they will do their utmost 
to accept, well knowing that nearly all 
of the world is against them and that 
they cannot hope to defeat it ; and also 
knowing that at any time there may 
burst forth amongst them the Revolu- 
tionary Socialists. 

Also in Austria-Hungary the prop- 
erty owners are likewise looking for a 
haven of safety, glad to save their 
lives. Their property will become Sub- 
ject to the system of laws under Demo- 
cratic Government. 

But if the Central Empires shall re- 
fuse to accept the World Liberation 
program it ivill simply mean that the 
Entente Allies ivill be in a position to 
carry on the war until the time for 
World Liberation arrives. India is 
ready to supply millions of men and it 
may be that the Aryans therein are to 
be given an opportunity to aid more ac- 
tively in saving the Western civiliza- 
tion. 

We now present additional official 
statements of some of those who axe 
opposing the Coalition Governments : 

On December 20, 1917, in the House 
of Commons, the British Liberal leader, 
Herbert II. Asquith, said: 

"We ought to make it increasingly 
clear by every possible means that the 
only ends we are fighting for are Lib- 
erty and Justice, for the tvhole world, 
through a confederation* of great and 

*A "confederation" is an aggregation 
of sovereign states, as compared with 
a "federation," which is itself the sov- 
ereign power. The distinction is that 
the states in a confederation reserve 
the right to withdraw. 



65 



small states, all to possess equal rights. 

"A League of Nations is the ideal for 
which we are fighting, and we shall 
continue fighting for it with a clear 
conscience, clean hands and an unwav- 
ering heart !" 

Eight days after Mr. Asquith made 
this statement the British Labor party 
declared likewise, expressly voicing a 
demand for free peoples everywhere, 
and for the formation of a League of 
Nations, specifying, too, the needed ter- 
ritorial readjustments. A committee at 
once called upon Premier George. 

Two days before this action was 
taken in England, in France the Fed- 
eration of Labor at its national con- 
ference adopted by an almost unan- 
imous vote the war aims set forth by 
President Wilson, and stated that the 
purpose of the Russian revolutionaries 
is virtually the same. The executive 
officers of the federation ivere in- 
structed to do their utmost to induce 
the French Government to clearly 
enunciate these nmr aims. 

On January 5, 1018, a crisis having 
been reached in the peace negotiations 
between Russia and Germany, Premier 
George stated again the Coalition Gov- 
ernment's war aims (page 39, above), 
but this statement shows that the 
larger part of the secret treaties be- 
tween Italy, France and Great Britain 
for the forcible acquisition of territory 
and peoples from the Central Empires 
still hold. 

Three days after this utterance by 
Premier George, the President of the 
United States again spoke and he 
warmly championed the Russian peo- 
ple's cause, which Premier George did 
not do ; and President Wilson had this 
to say of Secret Compacts : 

"It will be our wish and purpose that 
the processes of peace, when they are 
begun, shall be absolutely open and 
that they shall involve and permit 
henceforth no secret understanding of 
any kind. The day of conquest and 
aggrandizement is gone by ; so is also 
the day of secret covenants entered 
into in the interest of particular gov- 
ernments and likely at some unlooked- 



for moment to upset the peace of the 
world." 

In conclusion President Wilson said : 
''The moral climax of this, the cul- 
minating, and FINAL WAR FOR HUMAN 

LIBERTY HAS COME, and the people of 
the United States are ready to put 
their oion highest purpose, their oivn 
integrity and devotion to the test.'' 

This the people of the United States 
have been doing since April 2, 1917, 
and it is high time that in Great 
Britain, France and Italy the parlia- 
ments and the peoples shall force their 
Coalition Governments either to really 
accept the World Liberation program 
or retire from office! 

Since the foregoing has been placed 
in type, the British Labor Party, in an 
address to the world, on January 10, 
1918, approved by a delegate conven- 
tion on January 23, has tremendously 
aided the liberal movement by declar- 
ing in detail and as follows for the 
United States' program of World Lib- 
eration : 

That Great Britain promises (1) to 
help establish an effective League of 
Nations, along with (2) the freeing of 
her subject nations — captive nations, 
plus (3) no annexations by Great 
Britain, (4) no indemnity for her, and 
(5) that tropical Africa shall l)e ad- 
ministered by tlie international gov- 
ernment. 

This is the ideal. 

And this has been followed in Aus- 
tria by wide-spread strikes in aid of 
the Austrian Government's efforts to 
induce Germany to accept the program 
for "no annexations and no indemni- 
ties." 

It remains to direct the attention of 
statesmen to the advantages to he se- 
cured in all lands from the proposed 
League of Nations — the ending of com- 
petition in armament and war — the es- 
tablishment of International Civil 
Liberty. 

By centering attention on this de- 
velopment there can be demonstrated 
the practicability of freeing the cap- 
tive nations of all the earth. As soon 



<« 



as this is grasped thon ono of tho 
main ditliciilties in arriving at peaco 
terms will have been overcome. 

Near-at-Hand World Liberation. 

Until the Entente Allies shall really 
stand for World Liberation they doubt- 
less will be kept, in the war. In other 
words, while the beings who compose 
the Entente Allies are free-will men 
and women, God conlrols their environ- 
ment, and hy so doing can prevent the 
Reactionists amongst us from continu- 
ing the injustice to the people of earth, 
now that Democracies have heen de- 
veloped. The future of mankind is 
secure ! 



A JUDGMENT DAY — NEEDED 

CHANGES ARE BEING 

WROUGHT. 

But we must not become too im- 
patient for the ending of the war, be- 
cause this vast battle field is the end- 
ing of an age — the ending of the Rule 
of the Few (page 51, above), and at 
the same time there evidently is a 
Judgment Day for the nations — such 
as have not already passed through a 
sorrowful experience.* This World War 
is truly the Battle of Armageddon, 
foretold nearly two thousand years 
ago.f After the judgment day is to 

*Mistaken ideas and the resulting ac- 
tion by nations give rise to sorrowful 
experiences, the same as do the short- 
comings of children. These sorrowful 
experiences by nations are not punish- 
ments, but are necessary lessons, teach- 
ing by bitter experience. Such are the 
Judgment Days for nations. The 
United States suffered terribly during 
1861 to 1865 ; therefore she is not likely 
to suffer much in this World War — the 
war is likely to end ere long. 

f'For I saw coming out of the 
mouth of the dragon, and out of the 
mouth of the beast, and out of the 
mouth of the false prophet, three un- 
clean SPIRITS, as it were frogs ; for 
they are spirits of devils, working 



come peace and ju.stice among men.* 
The manifest duty of the Entente 
Allies is to agree to the details of 
World Liberation, because a stage of 
development is now being reached 

WHERE LIBERATION IS PRACTICABLE 

ma7iMnd is evolved to the point where 
self-governing peoples are about to 
dominate the world. They are to win 

THIS war IN CONNECTION WITH A 
PLEDGE FOR FrEE PEOPLES AND EQUAL 

National Bights ! 

Stated another way, in connection 
with the judgment day the Creator is 
producing some of the needed changes 
among the nations of mankind, pre- 
paratory to the coming in of the peace- 
ful New Age. At the opening of the 
war some of the free-will human na- 
tionalities were out of line with the 
Divine plan ; for example, the Prus- 
sians — they were possessed of a desire 
to rob other peoples ; also their peasant 
class desired to rob the property own- 
ers at home (page 27, above). Back 
of it all has been a deep-seated mate- 
rialism. But the war is changing these 
things. 

And the peoples who compose the 



signs; which go forth unto the kings 
of the whole tvorld, to gather them to- 
gether unto the war of the great day of 
God, the Almighty. . . . And they 
gathered them together into the place 
which is called in Hebrew Armaged- 
don." Rev. 16:13-16.) 

*And I saw an angel coming down 
out of heaven having the key of the 
abyss and a great chain in his hand. 
And he laid hold on the dragon, the 
old serpent, which is the Devil and 
Satan, and bound him for a thousand 
years, and cast him into the abyss, and 
shut and sealed it over him, that he 
should deceive the nations no more 
until the thousand years should be 
finished : after this he must be loosed 
for a little time." (Rev. 20:1-3.) 

The Devil and Satan in governmental 
affairs is Reactionism, which in this 
war is to lose control of the govern- 
ments of earth through the success of 
the Democracies. 



67 



.VUies are also being shoved forward 
ill a thousand ways. 

Thus the human race is being de- 
veloped. This World War is doing in a 
few short years what in more normal 
times might have required centuries. 

In all of this terrible war no one has 
actually heen killed — rnerelij Ms ''over- 
coaf has been lost. The conscious- 
ness has continued in the soul freed 
from the troubles of the physical plane. 
Viewed in this light one can see that 
the pruning of the nationalities of man- 
kind by means of war is not annihila- 
tion. The development of races and 
sub-races and nationalities is toward 
higher and higher stages of civiliza- 
tion, with the least possible discomfort 
consistent ivith the development of 
moral men and ivomen. If we accept 
this theory we find that it squares 
with that which is taking place before 
our eyes. The so-called evil is the re- 
sult of a stage of development, to be 
subsequently outgrown by the soul. 
The mighty contest between Reaction- 
ism and Progressivism in this World 
War is a contest hctween intelligences 
in different stages of development, all 
vnder a unified system on the higher 
planes — one God. This unity of pur- 
pose on the higher planes accounts for 
the sure victory of Progressivism — the 
advance from age to age, a stupendous 
climax b^ng the present stage wherein 
self-governing peoples have been com- 
ing into power during the past eighteen 
years and now are about to win this 
World War and establish World Libera- 
tion ! Its coming was foretold in 
Revelations, as we have seen, nearly 
two thousand years ago. Admit the 
existence of supermen and still greater 
l>eings — the inevitable outcome of De- 
velopment — and you possess the key to 
an understanding of the dazzling out- 
come of this World War. 

This view of evolution ought to help 
to convince the reader that World 
Liberation is practicable, also to under- 
stand that on no other basis can this 
war be ended! The loving intelligence 



which has developed mankind to the 
present level can manage the next step 
— the attainment of World Liberation ! 

Whenever the needed changes 

AMONG Tift: NATIONS SHALL HAVE BEEN 
WROUGHT THERE WILL OPEN UP AN 
AVENUE FOR THE IMMEDIATE ENDING OF 

THE WAR. One of the factors that will 
bring this world conflict to a close will 
be the stupendous benefits to the Cen- 
tral Empires from a properly construct- 
ed World Liberation program (see page 
65, above). At present only a few of 
the statesmen of the world are con- 
vinced that the ending of competition 
in armament is practicable in our day, 
the result being that some of the Allies 
are planning that nothing short of the 
killing of another million or more of 
Prussians will make the world safe for 
mankind, to be followed by captivity for 
the Prussian nation. But we have shown 
that in Prussia the conditions are such 
that whenever the proposal to that na- 
tion shall be for the establishment of 
an International Government to be con- 
trolled by real democracies and guar- 
anteeing security from murder and 
robbery by whoever shall control the 
Prussian and the German governments, 

THEN, AND NOT UNTIL THEN, WILL THE 
ROAD TO PEACE BE REACHED, See page 

27, above. 

In other words, whenever the Allies 
shall really set forth the details of the 
proposed World Liberation, squarely 
and effectively, it may be that the war 
will come to an end. In any event the 
peoples in the allied nations will then 
support their governments until full lib- 
eration is achieved ! 

Such is the Road to Victory, sure 
and complete ! 

In the words of President Wilson in 
the closing sentiment of his recent an- 
nual message to Congress, December 
4, 1917: 

"The Hand of God is laid upon the 
nations. He will show them favor, I 
devoutly believe, only if they rise to 
the clear heights of His own justice 
and mercy." 



Part III. 



ANSWERS TO OBJECTIONS AND QUERIES. 



No. 1. Concerning the proposed ter- 
mination of competition in armament 
and war, will it he ivise to thus limit 
the survival of the fittest? 

The answer is that "the survival of 
the fittest" means the survival of the 
nations and individuals hcst fitted to 
the cristing conditions. The result of 
the ending: of competition in armament 
between nations and war will be to 
improve the conditions — shut out a 

LOW FORM OF COMPETITION. MANKIND 
ADVANCES BY SHUTTING OUT THE LOWER 

FORMS OF COMPETITION. It used to be 
that duelinfi: prevailed, but that form of 
competition between men . has been 
eliminated in the advanced nations. It 
used to be that pirate ships competed 
with one another, but that form of 
competition is outgrown. And now the 
competition in building and using 
death-dealing weapons of war is to be 
ended. Progress for mankind consists 
in shutting out the lower forms of com- 
petition, as we have said. Because of 
the coming into power of the self-gov- 
erning peoples and their defeat of the 
plans of Prussian Militarism the world 
is to witness a stupendous step in ad- 
vance — World Liberation. 

No. 2. To fight is human nature, 
and therefore, the plan for permanent 
peace cannot succeed. 

We admit that human nature is such 
that fighting between individuals will 
to some extent surely go on for a con- 
siderable time. In the proposed exten- 
sion of government to international af- 
fairs, the only suggestion is that real 
international law shall be established 
between nations, along with provision 
for the peaceful settlement of such in- 
ternational disputes as may arise, 
thcrclrg removing the occasion for cer- 
tain kinds of fighting, namely, the 
butchery of men in international wars, 
leaving still in operation the other 
forms of fighting except as lata and 
culture shall exclude the cruder forms. 

No. 3. The establishment of perma- 



nent peace is impossible until the 
CAUSES of war are removed. 

There is a fallacy in the statement. 
Consider for a moment the United 
States. Military warfare between these 
48 States is prevented by the main- 
tenance of a system whereby the in- 
terstate disputes are peacefully settled; 
that is. an adequate system for the 
attainment of peaceful settlement is 
used, not that the causes of interstate 
disputes liave been removed. A correct 
statement of the issue is the first 
requisite. 

No. Jf. Can tve trust ourselves to an 
In tern a tiona I Government 2 

Yes, because the first thing the rep- 
resentatives of the self-governing peo- 
ple will do will be to unite on an inter- 
national constitution providing for the 
largest possible degree of National 
Freedom along progressive lines. That 
is, they will definitely mark out the 
inherent rights and duties of the na- 
tions of the world on the basis of equal 
rights, aiming to establish the largest 
possible National Freedom, and all 

NATIONS WILL BE CALLED UPON TO MU- 
TUALLY PLEDGE TO GUARANTEE THESE 

LIBERTIES. This will result in the de- 
sired civil liberties. The long-looked- 
for World State will have arrived ! The 
ideal will have been achieved. All be- 
cause of the coming into power of De- 
mocracy ! 

No. 5. What do you mean lOhen you 
speak of ''National freedom along pro- 
gressive lines'^? 

The idea is that the combined na- 
tions of the world will stand for Prog- 
ress. Because of this they will place 
in the international constitution a pro- 
vision that in case of threatened domes- 
tic violence within a nation its govern- 
ment may ask the International Gov- 
ernment for aid; also provide in the 
constitution that wherever a consider- 
able number of the citizens ask the In- 
ternational Government for protection 
the conditions will be examined and 



justice will be sustained-^justice frSlI^ 
the standpoint of self-governing peoples 
— real democracy. Further details are 
at page 35, above. 

No. 6, What in your judgment are 
the hasic elements of justice? 

The maintenance of Free Institutions 
— freedom of conscience, free speech, 
freedom of the press, etc., as set forth 
in our Bill of Rights. These rights 
can now be maintained throughout the 
world — the forthcoming New Age! We 
are in a stupendously progressive age ! 
Mankind is being pushed ahead at a 
remarkable pace — even China is a Re- 
public ! With the winning of this 
World War by the Democracies and 

*This Reactionist Holy Alliance con- 
sisted of two Kaisers and two Kings — 
the Hohenzollern, Hapsburg, Romanoff 
and Bourbon heads of families. In 
1822 at Verona they entered into the 
following secret treaty: 

"The undersigned, specially author- 
ized to make some additions to the 
Treaty of the Holy Alliance, after hav- 
ing exchanged their respective creden- 
tials, have agreed as follows: 

"Article 1. The high contracting 
parties, being convinced that the system 
of Representative Government is 
equally inconsistent with Monarchical 
principles as the maxims of the sov- 
ereignty of the people with the divine 
right, engage mutually, in the most sol- 
emn manner, to use all their efforts 



their allies, freedom is to exist through- 
out the world. 

Nothing less will be thought of by 
those who study the situation ; we the 
self-governing peoples can establish 
justice and peace throughout the world, 
and therefore we are going to do so! 
A century ago the Reactionist Govern- 
ments defeated Napoleon and they then 
combined in the so-called Holy Alliance 
for world domination,* whereas to-day 
the Democracies when they win this 
World War ivill unite in freeing all of 
the slaves — political slaves, loho have 
dcen tvorked en masse for the benefit 
of the few; also ivill T)e ended the com 
petition in armament and war. 



TO PUT AN END TO THIS SYSTEM OF REP- 
RESENTATIVE Government in whatever 

COUNTRY* IT MAY EXIST IN EUROPE, AND 
TO PREVENT IT BEING INTRODUCED INTO 
THOSE COUNTRIES WHERE IT IS NOT YET 
KNOWN. 

"Article 2. As it can not be doubted 
that the liberty of the press is the most 
powerful means used by the supporters 
of the pretended rights of nations [the 
people] to the detriment of those of 
princes, the high contracting parties 
promise reciprocally to adopt all proper 
measures to suppress it, not only in 

THEIR OWN states BUT ALSO IN THE REST 

OF Europe. 

"Article 3. * * *" 

(Elliot's American Diplomatic Code, 
vol. ii, p. 179.) 



Division V. 
STILL FARTHER DETAILS. 

Part I. 
DEMOCRACY RESULTS IN PEACE AND PROSPERITY- 
THE UNITED STATES. 



HISTORY OF 



In the discussions which now are 
taking place concerning the proposed 
reign of Democracy, some are pointing 
to Lord Macauley's statement in 1857 
that the rule of the majority in the 
United States and elsewhere ''must, 
sooner or later, destroy liberty or civi- 
lization or doth.'' He gave France as 
a recent illustration of where democ- 
racy had been attempted and had 
failed, the situation being saved by a 



return of "despotism, a silent tribune, 
an enslaved press." 

Macauley' historical example is true, 
but it is no proper basis for the broad 
generalization that all other attempts 
to establish a democracy must fail. He 
was discussing the probable future of 
the United States and he predicted that 
evil results ivould follow) and his fore- 
cast CAME true. An awful civil war 
occurred, followed by alternating pros- 



70 



perity and depression, discontent and 
war between capital and labor, con- 
quest of the Philippines and Porto 
Rico, also a refusal by our government 
to enter into a League of American 
Republics. What is the explanation? 
Is democracy a failure? 

No, not if the people are sufftcientlij 
developed and are properly educated 
and properly led. What occurred in 
THE United States was that in 1844 

DEMOCRACY WAS SILENTLY ENDED IN NA- 
TIONAL AFFAIRS. 

Just previous to this a gradual de- 
basement of the average of citizen- 
ship had taken place — low immigration 
did the deed! And it was planned in 
advance by the arch-fiend of reaction- 
Ism, Prince Metternich, Prime Minister 
of Austria. He started the work in 
1828, shortly after the defeat of his 
plan to use force of arms in the Span- 
ish-American Republics. In 1823 the 
United States had announced the Mon- 
roe Doctrine, backed by Great Britain, 
and they won against the so-called 
Holy Alliance — won without striking a 
blow. Five years later the Conserva- 
tive Austrian Government, headed by 
Prince Metternich, issued a charter for 
the St. Leopold Foundation, to raise 
funds for inducing immigration to the 
United States of anti-democratic pop- 
ulations. 

The plot was exposed to the people 
of the United States by Mr. Morse, who 
afterward invented the electric tele- 
graph. He published the facts in 1834 
in the New York Observer and there 
arose the American Party, hut it did 
not succeed, and in 1844 the people of 
THE United States lost self-govern- 

]S[ENT IN national AFFAIRS, FOLLOWED 
BY THE ANNEXATION OF SLAVE TERRI- 
TORY — MORE REACTIONISM ; AND THIS 
WAS FOLLOWED BY AN UNJUST WAR BY 

THE United States against Mexico, 
AND SO ON. This we outline in the ac- 
companying pages after first proving 
that democracy in the United States 
was a success as long as it lasted. 
Democracy a Success in United 
States, 1776-1844. 
During the years 1776 to 1844 the 



result from the experiment of self-gov- 
ernment by the people in the United 
States was as follows : 

Equal rights between families were 
established — entailed estates were term- 
inated. 

Equal rights within families were 
established — primogeniture, whereby 
the eldest son took practically all of 
the family estate, was terminated. 

Equal rights to an education were 
established, and a free puMic school 
system was founded. 

Equal rights among churches, and 
freedom of religious worship were es- 
tablished — Church and State were sep- 
arated. 

These improvements led to equal po- 
litical rights among lohite men — the 
termination of property qualifications 
for voting. This took place in the east 
and south during 1800 to 1826. In the 
west white manhood suffrage had ex- 
isted from the beginning. 

The net result is stated as follows by 
the noted French historian, Alexis de 
Tocqueville, who visited this country 
in 1832-33: 

"The Democratic principle had gained 
so much strength by time, by events, 
and by legislation, as to have become 
not only predominant, but all-power- 
ful. . . . 

"The Anglo-Americans are the first 
nation who have been happy enough to 
escape the dominion of absolute power. 
They have been allowed by their cir- 
cumstances, their origin, their iiitelli- 
aence, and especially dy their morals, 
10 estal)lish and maintain the sov- 
ereignty of the people.''*- 

In other words, the people whose 
ancestors were in the German forests 
in the days of .Julius C;esar, and who 
were of a new type, being possessed of 
great courage and of a higher morality 
than had hitherto existed, were, in the 
new world, far away from the reac- 
tionary and less advanced people, 
showing forth the innate qualities of 
their nature, resulting in real Self- 

* Democracy in America, vol. 1, pp. 
67-68. Gilman edition. 



71 



Government, based, of course, ufHi^ 
widespread education and freedom of 
conscience, freedom of speech and free- 
dom of the press. 

The effect upon legislation was as 
follows, quoting from Democracy in 
America, by de Tocqueville : 

"America exhibits in her social state 
an extraordinary phenomenon. Men are 
there seen on a fjrcatcr equality in 
point of fortune and intellect, or, in 
other words, more equal in their 
strength, than in any other country of 
the world or in any age of which his- 
tory has preserved the remembrance.'''^ 

This was written by de Toque ville in 
1833. In 1850, after two years of the 
French Revolution of 1848, he penned a 
preface to the twelfth edition of his 
two-volume woi*k, saying : 

"The principle of the sovereignty of 
the people, which we enthroned in 
France l)ut yesterday, has in the United 
States held sway for over sixty years. 
It is there reduced to practice in the 
most direct, the most unlimited, and 
the most al)solute manner. For sixty 
years, the people who have made it 
their common source of all their laws 
have increased in population, in terri- 
tory, and in opulence; and — consider it 
well — it is found to have been, during 
that period, not only the most pros- 
perous, but the most stable of all the 
nations of the earth. Whilst all the 
nations of Europe have been devastated 
by war or torn by civil discord, the 
American people alone in the civi- 
lized WORLD have remained AT PEACE. 

Almost all Europe loas convulsed by 
revolutions ; America has not had even 
a revolt. The republic there has not 
been the assailant, but the GUARDiANf 

of VESTED rights; the property of IN- 
DIVIDUALS HAS HAD better GUARANTIES 
THERE THAN IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY IN 
THE WORLD,- ANARCHY THERE HAS BEEN 
AS UNKNOWN AS DESPOTISM." 

These splendid results flowed from 
Self-Government by the People. 
Through the use of the ballot the ma- 
jority dis-established the privileges 
which the few had by law conferred 
upon themselves. Self-interest caused 
the majority to do this. The other por- 
tion of the legislative field — the se- 

*Vol. i, p. 67. "~ 7~I 



curing of constructive legislation, was 
the result of proposals by the people's 
leaders. The people elected to oflice 
their greatest statesmen, who piloted 
the ship of state. 

Loss of People's Rule, 1844. 

We have just quoted de Toqueville's 
description of the excellent results 
from democracy in the United States 
at the time he wrote, and he added : 

"The principles on which the Amer- 
ican constitutions rest, those principles 
of order, of the balance of powers, of 
true liberty, of deep and sincere re- 
spect for right, are indispensable to all 
republics; they ought to be common to 
all; and it may be said beforehand. 
that wherever they shall not be found, 

THE REPUBLIC WILL SOON CEASE TO EX- 
IST." 

Absolutely true ! In the United States 
a change was wrought by a vast inflow 
of immigration from nations whose peo- 
ple did not possess the development 
that results in self-government — the 
average of our citizenship was lowered, 
folloived, by the loivering of the sys- 
tem of Party Government, and in 1844 

THE CONTROL OF THE NATIONAL GOVERN- 
MENT PASSED TO Slavocracy (page 13, 
above), followed almost immediately 

BY THE annexation OF TeXAS AS SLAVE 

territory and there resulted our un- 
just war against mexico ; then came 
the repeal of the missouri compro- 
mise a compromise in 1820 by act of 

Congress limiting the slave terri- 
tory; SOON THE FEW IN THE UNITED 

States Supreme Court, by judicial 
legislation, altered the constitution 

itself by DECLARING BY A VOTE OF 7 TO 

2 THAT Congress did not possess the 
right to limit the slave territory ; 
then a law was enacted by the na- 
TIONAL Government commanding the 
PEOPLE of the North . to help catch 

RUNAWAY SLAVES ; THEN A THIRD PARTY 

WAS ORGANIZED DUE TO THE FACT THAT 

THE PEOPLE COULD NOT REGAIN CONTROL 
OF EITHER OF THE TWO OLD PARTIES AND 

THE National Government was re- 
taken BY THE people, FOLLOWED BY 
secession BY MANY OF THE STATES, AND 
THIS WAS FOLLOWED BY CIVIL WAR, 



72 



WHICH CONTINUED FOR FOUR YEARS. 

These facts are stated because to- 
day the Democracies of earth are con- 
sidering the formation of the Federa- 
tion of the World and should be told 
the truth. 

During our Civil AVar there was no 
opportunity to reform the system of 
government, besides, there were reac- 
tionist forces in every avenue of life, 
woven into all the intricacies of our 
modern world. 

In 1888 help came to us from Great 
Britain. One of her liberal sons. 
James Bryce, Member of Parliament 
and a noted historian, visited us and 
described our then existing system of 
debased government — Machine Rule. In 
his American Commonwealth he pic- 
tures "The Machine," tells "How the 
Machine Works" and in conclusion 
says : 

"Observing the form of consulting 
the voters, it substantially ignores them 
and forces on them persons whom they 
do not know, and would dislike if they 
knew them. It substitutes for the 
party voters generally a small number 
of professionals and their creatures, 
extracts prearranged nominations from 
packed meetings, and calls this con- 
sulting the pleasure of the sovereign 
people. . . . Thus the Machine 
works on, and grinds out places, potver 
and opportuniiies for illicit gain to 
those ivho manage it.'' 

And this debased condition in 1888 
was better than it had been. Again 
we quote from Mr. Bryce: 

"To a stranger revisiting America at 
intervals, the progress seems to be 
steadily, though very slowly, upwards 

Note the fact that 1888 was the date. 
That year the reform forces in the 
United States succeeded in enacting a 
law of Congress and it was signed by 
President Cleveland, calling a confer- 
ence of the American Republics to meet 
at Washington to consider how best to 
co-operate. But in the national election 
within the United States that year the 
winning power was Reactionism, and 
then through its control of the United 
States Government in later years it re- 
jected the recommendations of the Pan 



American Conference, the conference 
which the reform forces had succeeded 
in calling. Here is one of the recom- 
mendations which the United States, 
the Colossus of the North, rejected: 

''The Republics of North, Central 
and i^oiith America adopt arbitration 

AS A principle OF AMERICAN INTERNA- 
TIONAL LAW FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF 
THE DIFFERENCES, DISPUTES, OR CONTRO- 
VERSIES THAT MAY ARISE BETWEEN TWO 
OK MORE OF THEM. . . . WITH THE SIN- 
GLE EXCEPTION [that WHEN J IN THE 
JUDGMENT OF ANY ONE OF THE NATIONS 
INVOLVED IN THE CONTROVERSY IT MAY- 
IMPERIL ITS INDEPENDENCE. lu Which 

case for such nation arbitration shall 
be optional; but it shall be obligatory 
upon the adversary pov^er." 

This suggestion for the amicable set- 
tlement of all of the international dis- 
putes between the American Republics 
was rejected by the United States Gov- 
ernment. This was 1890 and subse- 
quent years. 

On the more important proposal to 
refrain from conquest, the United 
States likewise refused to pledge. 
Here is the proposal of the Pan Amer- 
ican Conference of 1889-'90, a proposal 
framed and championed by James G. 
Blaine, Secretary of State: 

"The proposed treaty between each 
of the American states should provide : 

'First. That the principle of con- 
quest shall not, during the continuance 
of the treaty of arMtration, be recog- 
nized as admissible under American 
public laic. 

"Second. That all cession of terri- 
tory made during the continuance of 
the treaty of arbitration shall be void 
if made under threat of war or the 
presence of an armed force. 

"Third. Any nation from which 
such cession shall be exacted may de- 
mand that the validity of the cession 
so made shall be submitted to arbitra- 
tion. 

"Fourth. Any renunciation of the 
right of arbitration made under the 
conditions named in the second sec- 
tion shall be null and void." 

Not only did the United States Gov- 
ernment refuse to pledge against con- 
quest, but a fete years later, under the 
rule of Trustocracy, which had just 



78 



iTig Ihp 
Money Power (page 19, above )7rll^ 
party ''machine'" reached out and hy 
actual conquest took possession of the 
people of Porto Rico and the Philip- 
pines and THEN PROCEEDED TO HOLD 
THEM ALL AS SUBJECTS — POLITICAL 
SLAVES. 

Thus our Democratic Republic drifted 
into Imperialism. Not only did it 
hold subjects — refusing them citizen- 
ship and refusing a promise of citizen- 
ship — but without any special atten- 
tion by our democratic republican peo- 
ples the King of the Moros sat in a 
harem, surrounded by chattel slaves, 
all under the Stars and Stripes! 

Then five technical jurists in the 
United States Supreme Court, by a 
vote of 5 to 4, declared that the United 
States Constitution, adopted l)y the 
earlier self-governing people of the 
United States, authorized the hold- 
ing OF subjects — political slaves ! The 
dissenting opinions plainly describe the 
acts of these five judges as "judicial 
legislation." 

Half of the world was then suffer- 
ing from the reign of Reactionism. The 
almost continuous fall in the average 
of prices after 1873 in the gold-stand- 
ard countries had resulted in injury to 
the employers of hands, and had re- 
sulted in millions of unemployed men 
and women. In Great Britain a Con- 
servative Government set out to dis- 
possess the Boers of sovereignty over 
their diamond mines and gold fields 
and finally succeeded. In Germany a 
Conservative Government was aided by 
the Socialists in keeping from power 
the Liberals. 
Restoration of the People's Rule, 1912. 

Then the tide turned and rising 
prices set in throughout the gold- 
standard world, accompanied by stim- 
ulated industry, and soon the Liberals 
began coming back into power, and 
have so continued to this day (pages 
20-21, above). In the United States 
the re-establishment of a People's Gov- 
ernment was on March 4th, 1913. The 
national leader, Woodrow Wilson, in 
his inaugural address, said : 



"The great Government we love has 
too often been made use of for private 
and selfish purposes, and those who 
used it had forgotten the people. . . . 
Our tvork is a work of restoration. . . . 

"And yet it will be no cool process 
of mere science. The Nation has been 
deeply stirred, stirred by a solemn pas- 
sion, stirred by the knowledge of 
wrongs, of ideals lost, of government 
too often debauched and made an in- 
strument of evil. The feelings with 
ivhich 1/76 face this new age of right 
and opportunity sweep across our 
heart-strings like some air of God's 
oion presence, where justice and mercy 
are reconciled and the judge and the 
brother are one. We know our task 
is to be no mere task of politics, but a 
task that shall search us through and 
through, tvhether we shall he able to 
understand our time and, the need of 
our people, whether we be indeed tlieir 
spokesmen and interpreters, whether 
we have the pure heart to comprehend 
and the rectified will to choose our high 
cost of action. 

"This is not a day of triumph ; it 
IS A day of dedication. Here muster 

NOT the forces OF PARTY BUT OF HU- 
MANITY. Men's hearts wait upon us ,* 
men's lives hang in the balance; 

ALEN'S hopes call upon us to SAY 
WHAT WE WILL DO. WHO SHALL LIVE 
UP TO THE GREAT TRUST? WHO DARES 
TO FAIL? I SUMMON ALL HONEST MEN 
TO MY SIDE. God HELPING ME, I WILL 
NOT FAIL THEM^IF THEY WILL BUT COUN- 
SEL AND SUSTAIN ME !" 

Far-reaching results for humanity 
have been achieved. 

The House of Representatives con- 
tinued the reforms in procedure estab- 
lished by the preceding Democratic 
House. In the Senate the Democratic 
majority dethroned "Aldrichism." The 
caucus was substituted for the control 
of a small committee led by Senator 
Aldrich. But the century-old system 
of permitting the minority in the Sen- 
ate to take all the time they might 
wish for was continued, resulting in 
the defeat of many reforms passed by 
the House, the Senate not having suffi- 
cient time to bring them up and pass 
them. Thus the reorganization of the 
army in 1914 was defeated tempora- 
rily; also the enactment of a revised 



74 



corrupt practices act was defeated. An 
improved law against corrupt prac- 
tices should have been in operation for 
the 1914 Congressional election but the 
Reactionary Minority prevented its 
passage. The Democratic National 
Convention of 1916 pledged that should 
the party in i)ovver be continued in 
office it would abolish this right in the 
minority to unduly delay legislative 
reforms.* This pledge has been partly 
carried out with the aid of the liberals 
in the opposition party. Thus the last 
ditch of the Special Interests is almost 
abolished. 

Knowledge of these facts is essential 
to an understanding of the actions that 
proceed from Self-Government by the 
People. 

In 1913 one of the first official acts 
of President Wilson was to issue an 
address to the other American Repub- 
lics, warmly greeting them and pledg- 
ing himself and colleagues to honestly 
co-operate with them as equals and 
without aggression. In the concluding 
paragraph, he saicj : 

"From these principles may be read 
so much of the future policy of this 
Government as is necessary now to 
forecast, and in the spirit of these 
principles, I may, I hope, be permitted 
with as much confidence as earnest- 
ness, to extend to the Governments of 
all of the Repuhlics of America the 
hand of genuine friendship and to 
pledge my own honor and the honor of 
my coUeagues to every enterprise of 
peace and amity that a fortunate future 
may disclose.'" 

Again in a speech at Mobile, Ala- 
bama. October 27, that same first year 
of his administration, the President 
declared : 

''The United ^States will never again 
seek one additional foot of territory 
by conquest.'' 

Steadfastly the Wilson Adminis- 

*"We favor," says the Democratic 
platform, "such an alteration of the 
rules of procedure of the Senate of 
the United States as will permit the 
prompt transaction of the nation's leg- 
islative business." 



TRATION HAS HELD TO THESE HIGH 

IDEALS. One of the results has been a 
rapid development of what is termed 
the New Pan Americanism, which is 

ABOUT TO MERGE INTO A REAL FEDERATION 

OF American Republics.* But Presi- 

*FoRTnco.MiNG Pan American Con- 
vention. 

At the time of the Second Pan Amer- 
ican Scientific Conference. December. 
1915, the Wilson Administration, 
through the Secretary of State, pro- 
posed to the other independent gov- 
ernments in the Western Hemisphere 
the holding of a Convention — mark 
you a convention, not a Conference, 
at which representatives of each of 
these independent governments shall 
assemble along with representatives of 
the United States for the purpose of 
mutually agreeing upon the following 
measures, at least: 

''Guaranteeing to each other ahso- 
lutely, political independence and 
territorial integrity. 

"In the second place and as a neces- 
sary corollary to that, guaranteeing 
the agreement to settle all pending 
'boundary disputes among themselves, 
should, they unhappily arise, by patient 
and impartial investigation and settled 
by arbitration. 

"And the further agreement neces- 
sary to the peace of the Americas, 
that no state of either continent will 
permit revolutionary expeditions 
against another state to be fitted out 
on its territory; and that they will 
prohibit the e.Tportatio7i of munitions 
of war for the purpose of supplying 
7'evolutionists against a neighboring 
government." 

These are the words of President 
Wilson in an address at the closing 
banquet of the Second Pan American 
Scientific Congress, and he added: 
"You see what our thought is. gentle- 
men, not only the international peace 
of America, but the domestic peace of 
America. If American states are con- 
stantly in a ferment there will be a 
standing threat to their relations with 
one another. It is just as much to 
our interest to assist each other in the 
orderly process within our own 
borders as it is to secure orderly pro- 
cesses in our controversies with one 
another. 

"These," continued Mr. Wilson, "are 



76 



dent Wilson's strength of charact^i^ias 
been tested to the utmost in connecuOT^ 
with Mexico, complicated by his being 
a candidate for re-election in 1916. Had 
he yielded to that which at one time 
was an overwhelming public opinion 
for the occupation of Mexico — a public 
opinion created by false information 
supplied by Reactionism — he would 
have run no risk of personal defeat.* 

very practical suggestions which have 
sprung up in the minds of thoughtful 
men, and I for my part believe that 
they are going to lead to something 
that America has prayed for for many 
a generation. For they are based, in 
the first place, so far as the strong 
states are concerned, upon the hand- 
some principle of self-restraint and 
respect for the rights of every1>ody. 
They are based upon the principle of 
absolute political equality amonri the 
states, eauality of rirfht, not of indul- 
gence. They are based, in short, upon 
the solid, eternal foundations of justice 
and humanity. 

"no man can turn away from 
these things without turning 
away from the hope of the world. 
These are the things, ladies and 
gentlemen, for which the world has 

hoped and WAITED WITH PRAYERFUL 
HEART. God GRANT THAT IT MAY BE 

GRANTED TO LIFT THIS LIGHT ON HIGH 
FOR THE ILLUMINATION OF THE WORLD !" 

The delegates from Latin America 
were tremendously pleased. Two 
days later, at the final meeting of the 
delegates. Minister Calderon, of Bo- 
livia, described President Wilson's 
policy as "a great doctrine, which ex- 
cludes no man, threatens no country, 
but is the culmination of that great 
universal yearning for freedom, for 
peace, for justice and for amity." 

*The people of Mexico are a free 
people to-day because President Wilson 
stood by his pledge — his government's 
pledge — to stand for equal rights and 
justice for the American Republics. In 
his annual message of December, 1915, 
he said : 

"From the first we have made com- 
mon cause with all partisans of liberty 
on this side of tlie sea. and have 
deemed it as important that our neigh- 
bors should be free from all outside 



The year following this utterance the 
national campaign in the United States 
was largely fought on this Mexican 

domination as that we ourselves should 
be ; this continent as a whole having 
been set dside for independent nations 
and politically free men." 

In a preceding portion of his mes- 
sage President Wilson said : 

"All the Governments of America 
stand, as far as we are concerned, 
upon a footing of genuine equality and 
unquestioned independence. 

"We HAVE BEEN PUT TO THE TEST IN 
THE CASE OF MEXICO, AND WE HAVE 

STOOD THE TEST. Whether we have 
benefited Mexico by the course we have 
pursued remains to be seen. Her for- 
tunes ARE IN HER OWN HANDS. But 

we have at least proved that we will 
not take advantage of her in her dis 
tress and undertake to impose upon 
her an order and government of our 
own choosing. Liberty is often a fierce 
and intractable thing, to which no 
bounds can be set, and to which no 
bounds of a few men's choosing ought 
ever to be set. Every American who 
has drunk at the true fountain of prin- 
ciple and tradition must subscribe 
without reservation to the high doc- 
trine of the Virginia Bill of Rights, 
which in the great days in which our 
Government was set up was every 
where among us accepted as the creed 
of free men. 

"That doctrine is, 'that government 
is, or ought to be, instituted for the 
common benefit, protection, and se- 
curity of the people, nation, or com- 
munity ;' that 'of all the various modes 
and forms of government, that is the 
best which is capable of producing the 
greatest degree of happiness and 
safety, and is most effectually secured 
against the danger of maladministra- 
tion ; and that when any government 
shall be found inadequate or contrary 
to these purposes, a majority of the 
community hath an indubitable, in- 
alienable, and indefeasible right to re- 
form, alter, or abolish it, in such 
manner as shall be judged most condu- 
cive to the public weal.' We have 

unhesitatingly applied THAT HEROIC 
PRINCIPLE TO THE CASE OF MEXICO AND 
NOW HOPEFULLY AWAIT THE REBIRTH OF 
THE TROUBLED REPUBLIC, WHICH HAD SO 
MUCH OF WHICH TO PURGE ITSELF AND 



T6, 



question and the Wilson (iovornment 
was upheld at the polls. 

Thus in the Western Hemisphere the 
system of Federal Government is about 
to be extended so as to form one vast 
Brotherhood of Republics. It comes as 
the result of a 7'cturn of real Democ- 
racy. Wherever the people develop 
to the stage where they attain the 
high station of Self-Government they 



establish a Federation of States, with 
its International Government, thereby 
ending international anarchy. Democ- 
racies do this because they are willing 
to abstain from robbing weaker na- 
tions ; also they possess the intelli- 
gence to realize the stupendous ad- 
vantages to themselves and to all man- 
kind by establishing real international 
law in place of international anarchy. 



Part II. 



PRUSSIAN IDEALS COMPARED. 



In 1912 the then existing ideals in 
Prussia were described as follows in 
an interview by Herr Alfred Kerr, a 
man of letters, critic, lecturer and 
director of the German review Pa7i. 
He said: 

"Most Germans do not tell foreign- 
ers the full truth, namely, that the 
prospect of a new war does no*t alarm 
any one. The profits are calculated : 
The annihilation of France and an 
indemnity of war amounting to 

TWENTY-FIVE BILLIONS. YoU SmilC," lie 

said to Monsieur Bourdon, who was 
interviewing him*, "that is because you 
don't know^ what Germany is to-day. 
It is a nation of shopkeepers ; love of 
gain is its ruling passion ; earn money, 
get rich quickly, is the one ideal. . . . 
Rather than risk a failure in business. 
Prussia prefers to submit to shameful 
humiliations ; as for instance, her elec- 
toral regime, that is the question in a 
nut shell. So long as ivar for wealth 
is only a matter of the highest game 
it does not matter who the adversary 
is. You [France] are rich. Therefore 
your possessions are coveted. But I 
must say we gaze more towards Eng- 
land than towards you." 



so LITTLE SYMPATHY FROM ANY OUTSIDE 
QUARTER IN THE RADICAL BUT NECES- 
SARY PROCESS. W^e will aid and 
befriend Mexico, but we will not 
COERCE HER. and our course with re- 
gard to her ought to be sufficient proof 
to all America that we seek no po- 
litical suzerainty or selfish control." 

♦Published in Figaro, republished in 
Tlic German Enigma. 



Herr Kerr also said : "There is a 
warlike foundation in the tempera- 
ment of the race, a superfluity of ani- 
mal force that requires to vent itself. 
The German [Prussian] is accustomed 
to o'bey, if loar comes he will blindly 
folloio the flag." In the words of Bis- 
marck in his autobiography : "The in- 
dividual German [Prussian] readily 
obeys the command of a dynasty to 
harry with fire and sword, and with 
his own hands to slaughter his Ger- 
man neighbors and kinfolk, as a result 
of a quarrel unintelligible to himself." 

As to the outcome of a war with 
France, Herr Kerr said : "Taken al- 
together, this gives us a tremendous 
confidence ; you will not find many Ger 
mans who have any doubts as to the 
results of a war with France." 

The Prussian type he believed would 
dominate more and more widely. He 
said : "We, like others less advanced 
in civilization, have preserved a more 
vigorous temperament which makes us 
appear abler for resistance and more 
game. . . . The German [Prussian] 
has arrived with more red corpuscles 

AND I BELIEVE HIS HOUR HAS COME. The 

law of life ordains that the least strong 
shall he eliminated, and the real con- 
querors are the famished. That is to 
say, we Germans. The money we have 
earned has given us the taste, and con- 
quered prosperity has increased our 
appetite. . . . In France you are 
blinded by illusions. You dream ; you 
revel in the luxury of humanitarian 
ideas. You believe in justice, good- 
ness, peace, fraternity and that is a 
very dangerous state of things. You 
say. war. violence and conquest are 
things of the past, out of fashion, and 



77 



altogether vieux jeii. But I answer 

you, WAR IS NOT OUT OF FASHION, IT'S 
A THING OF TOMORROW." 

This was said two years before the 
outbreak of the World War. "Herr 
Alfred Kerr, after saying the forego- 
ing, drew himself up on his low seat," 
says M. Bourdon, "and with his ani- 
mated forefinger pointed to the solid 
phalanxes on the wall waving flags and 
firing thunder, said : 'The return of the 
Huns !' " 

The foregoing statements were ut- 
tered two years before the Prussians 
started the present war. Conquest was 
aimed at from the start (page 26. 
above), and one year after the begin- 
ning the demand was for wholesale 
robbery (page 26, above). 

This Prussian type of civilization 
was the result of the causes we have 
described. Its ideals had been delib- 
erately instilled into its people, begin- 
ning in babyhood. Everywhere the 
idea of material and selfish gain for 
its own people has been dominant — in 
the schools, in the plans for German 
Nationalism, in a materialistic philos- 
ophy, and in a government-controlled 
press. 

One of the results, beginning in 1847. 
was the ideal that the political slaves, 
property-less, should some day become 
suddenly, over-night, the ruling power 
in state after state and that 
forthwith they would confiscate in 
the name of the state and for them- 
selves all of the property of those who 
by abstinence had saved it up, at the 
same time placing them in an indus- 
trial slavery and under their own dom- 
ination. On the other hand, the peo- 
ple in Prussia ivho possessed property. 
looked forward to improving their own 
condition by forcibly acquiring more 
property through sending the Prussian 
and German armies abroad and killing 
many of their neighbors. Proof on this 
point is the enthusiasm with which 
they went into the present war (page 
19, above). Colonies have been looked 
upon as being almost solely for the 
benefit of those who have ruled them ; 
and foreign trade has been built up 



by underselling abroad and charging 
extortionately high prices at home.* 
In this way an immense national 
wealth has been accumulated and a 
considerable part of it has been de- 
voted to the building up of armies and 
armament for the coming war. 

The intellect in all this has largely 
been supplied by the few who have 
been developed by means of the caste 
system, thereby keeping comparatively 
pure their higher type. Training has 
been supplied through a carefully man- 
aged educational system, planned for 
thoroughness and practicability. The 
welfare of the state as a whole has 
l)een looked after by means of an Ab- 
solute Monarchy in Administrative af- 
fairs, which also has led in shaping the 
public policies. And supplementary to 
all this has been the existence of an 
Absolute Monarchy in both the State 
and the Church. 

The basis of it all has been the un- 

*The net result of the Prussian sys- 
tem has been that the wage-earners 
have been shorn of from 30 to 40 per 
cent, of their earnings by the monopo- 
lists, as distinguished from the cap- 
italists. This is shown in various ways. 
including a comparison of wages and 
hours in England, where there is no 
tax upon food supplies nor any export 
bounty. (Report of an inquiry by the 
British Board of Trade, 1908; repub- 
lished in Bulletin of the United States 
Bureau of Labor, March, 1911, pp. 561, 
564. 569.) 

And yet enough of the wage-earners 
vefnsed to co-operate with the Liberals 
to end the industrial monopolies! But 
iu January, 1912, after two years of 
domination in Germany by the Con- 
servative and the Clerical parties the 
people in general became so incensed 
that for the first time in Prussian his- 
tory the Liberals formed a coalition 
with the Socialists and elected more 
than a majority of the Reichstag; fol- 
lowed by an almost immediate disrup- 
tion owing to the criminal program oj 
the Socialists. The Liberals went 

BACK TO THE OTHER PROPERTY-OWNERS 
AND TOGETHER THEIR LEADERS PLANNED 
THE FOREIGN WAR AND STARTED IT (page 

10, above). 



78 



developed stage of the units, plus the 
survival of those who have been best 
fitted to that sort of an environment — 
most of the better type having 'been 
eliminated either dy being killed in 
battle or having emigrated. 

This World War is producing wide- 
spread changes in the ranks of the 
Prussian Socialists, to be followed by 
the formation of the Federation of the 
World, with its guarantee of Free 
Institutions! Under this world-wide 
rule of Democracy progressive changes 
will proceed, with no possibility of re- 
actionism as proposed by the Revolu- 
tionary Socialists. For fifty-five years 
this Prussian movement among the 
wage-earners has been an obstacle to 
progress, casting its fallacious argu- 
ments across the pathway of mankind. 
It has bitterly fought each step of 
Progressivism, as history plainly tells, 
the capstone of its infamy being the 
conduct of its Prussian exponents lead- 
ing up to this terrible World War ! In 
the United States, too, the main body 
of the Socialists has steadfastly fought 



the proposed World Liberation. From 
this time onward the Socialist Party in 
the United States and in Prussia is 
doomed ! 

The social philosophy that is to last 
is that of Brotherhood. The basis of 
it is a development which has in it 
regard for others — love. People who 
have attained this stage see something 
of good in everything and are honest. 
The result is a social gospel of friendly 
co-operation, utilizing to the utmost 
the needed division of labor, in a fra- 
ternal spirit. While no one is better 
than another in the regard of the Cre- 
ator, some are older and wiser than 
others and so are doing a higher grade 
of work. This democratic philosophy 
of life has been interfered with ter- 
ribly by the Socialists. Their erron- 
eous and mischief-making philosophy 
has arisen during the last seventy 
years of Reactionary Government, be- 
ing part of it. In the forthcoming 
New Time there is to prevail more and 
more the Big Brother and the Big Sis- 
tor idea. 



Part III. 
CONCLUSION— THE NEEDED ACTIVITIES. 

We have surveyed a stupendously Also write to your representatives In 

broad field, centering our attention the legislative department of the Gov- 

upon the needed war aims of the Allies, ernment. 

A clear-cut^ definite program lies be- ^.j^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^_ 

fore us-World Liberation, requiring ^^^^ Keep it at work ! 
World Federation upon the basis of 

Free Peoples and Equal National Fourth, we offer you additional 

Rights. copies at the following inexpensive 

In conclusion we suggest to you. prices : 

dear reader, that you write to the ^ ^ 25 cents 

President or Premier of your country's . " 

Government and endorse the World 3 copies 60 cents 

Liberation program. Let him know 5 copies i.$l 

your attitude as you are part of the ^^^, ^^^^ ^ booksellers and at news 

Sovereign power Put yourself m his ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^^ 

place, as it will help you to realize 

what it means when a conscientious The League for World Federation, 

public servant receives a referendum ._^- _,^ , 

vote in a stupendous crisis like this. ^^69 Wyoming .Ivenue, 

Be sure and write. Washington, D. C. 



INDEX 



Age, End ol 

Allies, Entente 3, 8, 42, 

Alsace-Lorraine 4, 15, 39, 48, 

Anarchy, International "28, 32, 54, 

Answers to Objections 69, 

Arbitration 38, 

Armageddon 

Asquith, Herbert 36, 42, 46, 47, 65, 

Autocracy 11, 18, 31, 50, 51, 

See also Conservative Governments 

Backward Peoples 35, 52, 54 

Balfour, Artluir 34, 47, 

Bolsheviki . 4, note, 

Britain 58 

British Labor Party 58, 

Brotherhood 31, 

Brotherhood of Republics 

Captive Nations, see Free Peoples 

Central Empires 3, 18-27, 53, 63, 

Civil Liberty 28, 32, 50, 54, 

Cloture, U. S. Senate 

Coalition Governments 8, 47, 62 

Competition in Armament 6, 

See also Disarment 
Constitution, International 
Conservative Government 

31, 33, 16, 47, 52. 62- 

De Toqueville 

Democracy 
11, 17, 18, 32, 33, 37, 38, 54, 64, 67, 70- 

Democratic Party in U. S 45, 

Disarmament 34, 49, 

Divine Guidance 29, 51. 52, 53, 67, 

Economic Determinism 16, 

Equal Justice 

Equal National Rights 6, 57, 

Evolution 11. 41, 52, 28 

Federal Government 

12, 28-40,46,53,57 

Federation of World 28-40, 54, 57, 

Federation — "War Federation" 

Few, Rule of ; see Autocracy 

France 8, 42, 61, 63, 

Free Institutions. .16, 26, 32, 33, 35, 65, 

Free Peoples 4, 6, 54-57, 

Freedom of the Seas 49, 

George, David Lloyd 6-8, 39, 47, 

Gladstone 43, 

God's Will, see Divine Guidance. 
Great Britain, see Britain. 
"Government with the consent of the 

Governed" 6, 49, 50, 63, 65, 

Henderson, Arthur 

Holy Alliance 

Huns 13, 27, 

India 

Industrial Depressions 16 

International Government 28, 32, 39, 54, 

International Law 38, 39, 28, 

Italian Disaster 3, 51, 

•Judicial Legislation 74, 

Judgment Daj • • F)- -li 



rs: 



4, 40 



66 



Justice 4, 6, 7, 8, 39, 63, 69 

Kant, Immanuel 41 

Law, Bonar 43, 47, 63 

League of Nations (Federation of the 
World) . .4, 5, 7, 8, 28-40, 41-50, 53-57, 
62-67, 69, 79. 

Liberals — Liberalism 31, 68, 58, 74 

Liberty 11, 53, 65 

Macauley's Statement 70 

"Machine Rule" 13, 72-74 

Markham, Edwin 54 

Mexico 76 

Militarism 28 

(See also Civil Liberty) 

Military State 15, 39 

Milner, Lord 63 

Money Power 74 

Neutral Nations, War Expenses 56 

New Age 52, 67 

New Civilization 53 

New Time 54, 79 

Oligarchy, see Autocracy 

Pan-Americanism 75, 73, 35 

Peace— World Peace 40 

Peace Outlook 27, 62, 66 

I'eace Terms : "No annexations, no in- 
demnities," 64 ; Great Britain, 66 ; 

Austria and Germany 66 

Prussians 13-27 

Prussian Militarism 42, 14-17, 77 

Prussian Ideals 77-79 

Progressivism 68 

Progressives 61 

Progressive Eras 17, 74 

Public Right 41, 42, 44, 46, 53 

Quantity Theory 16-17 

Reactionism 1.5, 68, 69, 74, 76 

Representative Government. . 20, .30-31, 70 

Revelations 67 

Russian Disaster 3, 51, 64-66 

Private Monopolies. . .53, 54, 58, 71, 72, 74 

Secret Compacts 66, 70, 4 

Socialists, Revolutionary or Reform, 18, 17 

Socialists in Prussia 14, 27 

Socialists in United States 79 

Sovereignty — Sovereign. Power 

28, 32, 33, 35, 57, 60, 66, 69 

Special Privilege 54, 71-72 

"Survival of the Fittest" 69 

Tennyson 41 

Teutonic Subrace 11 

Treaties. Sanctity of 39, 36 

Trust Magnates 17, 73 

United States 6, 44-46, 51, 58, 70-79 

Viviani, Premier 42, 8 

Wilson, President. 
35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 48-50, 62, 64, 68, 74-76 

War, Last One 37, 51, 52, 39, 6, 7 

World Court 32, 33, 37 

World Liberation 6, 33, 53, 54, 79 

World Liberation by the Entente 55 

World War, Causes of 18-26, 28, 51, 67 





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